Occurrence of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Cosmetics and Personal Care Products
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly fluorinated aliphatic substances that contain a perfluoralkyl moiety (C n F 2n+1 ).This moiety imparts a unique suite of characteristics onto the PFAS such as hydrophobicity, lipophobicity, chemical and thermal stability.These characteristics make PFAS extremely useful in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications such as textiles and leather, paper and food packaging, fire-fighting foam, and cosmetics.Concern has been raised about PFAS because of their environmental persistence, global occurrence, and presence in human blood.Laboratory animal toxicology studies have found an association between PFAS and tumor development, developmental and hormonal effects, and immunotoxicity.Thus, there have been several studies that have quantified PFAS in a variety of consumer products, though a relative few have examined cosmetic and personal care products.The goal of this project was to expand and provide further evidence of the potential exposure to PFAS through cosmetic and personal care products.Twenty-seven samples were collected that contained a fluorinated ingredient in the label, and were analyzed for PFAS.Samples were extracted and then quantified using an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with a tandem mass spectrometer.Samples that contained fluorinated phosphates were determined to have high concentrations of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), between 3.7 and 77.7 µg/g and 2020 and 23238 µg/g respectively.Several other cosmetics and personal care products had total PFAS concentrations in the range of 1.0 to 6.0 µg/g.These results demonstrate that cosmetics and personal care products contain significant concentrations of PFAS, and need to be recognized as a potential source of PFAS exposure.Further studies are necessary to determine specific routes of exposure and the dermal permeability of PFAS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".