Effect of hydrophobic modification of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and salt addition on Pickering emulsions undergoing phase-transition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The charge density of emulsifiers determines the thermodynamics and kinetics adsorption properties at the oil-water interface of an emulsion. This study examines the rupture resistance and stability of the crystallized dispersed phase based on the partitioning capability of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with different surface charges. The charge density of CNC particles was designed through salt addition and hydrophobic modification. The measurement of dynamic interfacial tension confirmed that the reduction of negative charge of CNC particles improves their Pickering stabilizer role. We observed that the interfacial tension displayed a sigmoidal profile with increasing time. The dynamic stability of the emulsion during phase transition of the oil phase was enhanced by increasing the interfacial particle accumulation via the reduction of surface charge of CNC. The results indicated based on the surface charge adjustment, a balance between diffusion rate and kinetic barrier adsorption of particles is required to achieve optimum system stability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".