Determination of Propagation Constants and Wave Impedance of Non-Reciprocal Networks From Position-Insensitive Waveguide Measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A microwave method is proposed to determine the forward and backward propagation constants (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma ^{+}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma ^{-}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and the wave impedance (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$z_{w}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of reciprocal and non-reciprocal microwave networks whose positions are not known within their measurement cells (position-insensitive). The proposed method relies purely on analytical expressions and can also evaluate the reference plane transformation distances. Scattering parameter measurements at the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) of a reciprocal network (a waveguide straight) and a non-reciprocal network (a microwave phase shifter) arbitrarily positioned into their measurement cells were conducted to retrieve <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma ^{+}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma ^{-}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$z_{w}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for validation of our method and testing its position-insensitive property. The importance of the method becomes apparent when compared to conventional methods whose accuracy is based on precise determination of the reference planes.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".