Assessment of the thermal degradation kinetics of fresh green coconut husk (Cocus nucifera L.) powder and after methyl levulinate production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study describes the recycling of green coconut husk powder (CHP) aimed at the sustainable production of methyl levulinate. The preliminary step involved thermogravimetric analysis of green (CHP) and residues after synthesis of methyl levulinate with the catalysts aluminum sulfate (CHP-AS) and titanium dioxide (CHP-TD), based on a compositional analysis, kinetic degradation and determination of activation energy using the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OWF) method. Thermogravimetric analyses showed significant differences between the main constituents of CHP, CHP-AS and CHP-TD residues: hemicellulose (18.18, 9.78 and 12.17%), cellulose (44.65, 26.18 and 44.23%) and lignin (20.09, 19.89 and 19.58%), respectively. The methyl levulinate concentration obtained by the reaction between CHP and aluminum sulfate was 16.53 g.L− 1, due to the participation of hemicellulose and cellulose. The results showed that the activation energies calculated using the OFW method were 142 kJ.mol− 1 (CHP), 125 kJ.mol− 1 (CHP-AS) and 180 kJ.mol− 1 (CHP-TD).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".