Donowensite, Ca(H2O)3Fe3+2(V2O7)2, and Mikehowardite, Fe3+4(VO4)4(H2O)2·H2O, Two New Vanadium Minerals from the Wilson Springs Vanadium Mine, Wilson Springs, Arkansas, USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Donowensite (IMA2020-067), Ca(H2O)3Fe3+2(V2O7)2, and mikehowardite (IMA2020-068), Fe3+4(VO4)4(H2O)2·H2O, are intimately associated new secondary minerals from the Wilson Springs vanadium mine, Wilson Springs, Arkansas, USA. Donowensite has the following properties: needles up to 1 mm in length; yellow color; orange streak; subadamantine luster; brittle; Mohs hardness 3; splintery fracture; three cleavages ({001} perfect, {100} and {010} very good); density 2.97(2) g/cm3; biaxial (+), α > 1.95, β > 1.95, γ > 1.95; 2V = 72(2)°; moderate r > v dispersion; orientation X ^ b = 7°, Z ≈ c; pleochroism X brown orange, Y orange yellow, Z yellow. Mikehowardite has the following properties: equant prisms up to 0.15 mm in length; very dark brown color; yellow-orange streak; subadamantine luster; Mohs hardness 3½; irregular, stepped fracture; three cleavages ({100} very good, two undetermined good cleavages); density 3.19(2) g/cm3; biaxial with slight pleochroism in shades of brown-orange; Gladstone-Dale nav = 2.034. Electron probe microanalyses provided the empirical formulae Ca0.93Fe3+1.92Mn3+0.01V4.06P0.01O17H6.00 for donowensite and K0.11Ca0.02Fe3+3.78Mn3+0.03V3.67P0.33O18.87H6.18 for mikehowardite. Donowensite is triclinic, P with a = 7.3452(4), b = 9.9291(4), c = 10.0151(7) Å, α = 94.455(7), β = 98.476(7), γ = 100.779(7)°, V = 705.52(7) Å3, and Z = 2. Mikehowardite is triclinic, P with a = 6.6546(17), b = 6.6689(14), c = 9.003(2) Å, α = 76.515(5), β = 84.400(6), γ = 75.058(5)°, V = 375.11(15) Å3, and Z = 1. The structure of donowensite (R1 = 0.0561 for 2615 I > 2σI reflections) contains zig-zag chains of edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra that are linked to one another by V2O7 pyrovanadate groups to form sheets between which are Ca2+ cations and H2O groups. The structure of mikehowardite (R1 = 0.0678 for 1098 I > 2σI reflections) has similarities to the structure of schubnelite. In both mikehowardite and schubnelite, edge-sharing dimers of Fe3+O6 octahedra are linked by distorted VO4 tetrahedra.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".