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Framework and tools for the simulation and analysis of the radio emission from air showers at IceCube
M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, M. Ahrens, Jean-Marco Alameddine, A. A. Alves, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, T. Anderson, G. Anton, C. Argüelles, Yosuke Ashida, Spencer Axani, X. Bai, Aswathi Balagopal, S. W. Barwick, Benjamin Bastian, Vedant Basu, S. Baur, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, K. Becker, J. Becker Tjus, Jakob Beise, Chiara Bellenghi, S. Benda, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Besson, G. Binder, D. Bindig, E. Blaufuss, Summer Blot, Matthias Boddenberg, Federico Bontempo, Julia Book, Jürgen Borowka, S. Böser, O. Botner, J. Böttcher, Etienne Bourbeau, Federica Bradascio, J. Braun, Bennett Brinson, S. Bron, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, Ryan T. Burley, Raffaela Busse, Michael Campana, Erin Carnie-Bronca, Kunal Deoskar, Z. Chen, D. Chirkin, K. Choi, Brian Clark, K. Clark, Lew Classen, Alan Coleman, G. H. Collin, J. M. Conrad, Paul Coppin, Pablo Correa, D. F. Cowen, R. Cross, Christian Dappen, Pranav Dave, C. De Clercq, James DeLaunay, H.-P. Dembinski, Abhishek Desai, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, M. de With, T. DeYoung, A. Diaz, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, Markus Dittmer, Hrvoje Dujmović, M. Dunkman, M. A. DuVernois, Thomas Ehrhardt, P. Eller, R. Engel, Hannah Erpenbeck, John Evans, P. A. Evenson, Kwok Lung Fan, A. R. Fazely, Anatoli Fedynitch, Nora Feigl, Sebastian Fiedlschuster, Aaron Fienberg, C. Finley, Leander Fischer, D. B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, Edward Friedman, Alexander Fritz, Philipp Fürst, T. K. Gaisser, J. S. Gallagher, Erik Ganster, Alfonso Garcia, S. Garrappa, L. Gerhardt, Christian Gläser, Theo Glauch, T. Glüsenkamp, N. Goehlke, J. G. González, Sreetama Goswami, D. Grant, T. Grégoire, Spencer Griswold, C. Günther, Pascal Gutjahr, Christian Haack, A. Hallgren, R. Halliday, L. Halve, F. Halzen, Martin Ha Minh, K. Hanson, John Hardin, Alexander Harnisch, A. Haungs, D. Hebecker, K. Helbing, Felix Henningsen, Emma C. Hettinger, S. Hickford, J. Hignight, Colton Hill, G. C. Hill, K. D. Hoffman, K. Hoshina, Wenjie Hou, F. Huang, M. E. Huber, Thomas Huber, K. Hultqvist, Mirco Hünnefeld, Raamis Hussain, Karolin Hymon, S. In, N. Iovine, A. Ishihara, Matti Jansson, G. S. Japaridze, Minjin Jeong, Miaochen Jin, B. J. P. Jones, Donghwa Kang, Woosik Kang, X. Kang, A. Kappes, David Kappesser, Leonora Kardum, T. Karg, Martina Karl, A. Karle, U. Katz, M. Kauer, Moritz Kellermann, J. L. Kelley, Ali Kheirandish, Ken'ichi Kin, T. Kintscher, J. Kiryluk, Alina Kochocki, Ramesh Koirala, H. Kolanoski, Tomas Kontrimas, L. Köpke, Claudio Kopper, S. Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, Paras Koundal, Michael Kovacevich, M. Kowalski, Tetiana Kozynets, Emmett Krupczak, Emma Kun, N. Kurahashi, N. N. Lad, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, J. L. Lanfranchi, M. J. Larson, Frederik Hermann Lauber, J. P. Lazar, J.W. Lee, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, Y. Li, Massimiliano Lincetto, Qinrui Liu, Maria Liubarska, Elisa Lohfink, L. Lu, Francesco Lucarelli, Andrew Ludwig, William Luszczak, W. Y., J. Madsen, K. B. M. Mahn, Yuya Makino, Sarah Mancina, Ioana Codrina Mariş, Ivan Martínez-Soler, R. Maruyama, S. McCarthy, Thomas McElroy, Frank McNally, J. V. Mead, K. Meagher, Sarah Mechbal, Andrés Medina, Maximilian Meier, S. Meighen-Berger, Jessie Micallef, D. Mockler, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, R. Morse, Marjon Moulai, Tridib Mukherjee, Richard Naab, R. Nagai, Uwe Naumann, Jannis Necker, Le Viet Nguyen, Hans Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, Sarah Nowicki, A. Obertacke Pollmann, M. Oehler, Bob Oeyen, A. Olivas, Erin O’Sullivan, Hershal Pandya, D. V. Pankova, N. Park, Grant Parker, Ek Narayan Paudel, Larissa Paul, C. Pérez de los Heros, Lilly Peters, Josh Peterson, Saskia Philippen, Sarah Pieper, A. Pizzuto, M. Plum, Yuriy Popovych, Alessio Porcelli, Maria Prado Rodriguez, B. Pries, G. T. Przybylski, Christoph Raab, John Rack-Helleis, Amirreza Raissi, M. Rameez, K. Rawlins, I. C. Rea, Zoë Rechav, Abdul Rehman, Patrick Reichherzer, R. Reimann, Giovanni Renzi, E. Resconi, Simeon Reusch, W. Rhode, M. Richman, Benedikt Riedel, E. J. Roberts, S. Robertson, Gerrit Roellinghoff, Martin Rongen, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, D. Ryckbosch, Devyn Rysewyk Cantu, I. Safa, Julian Saffer, P. Sampathkumar, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, Alexander Sandrock, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, K. Satalecka, Merlin Schaufel, H. Schieler, S. Schindler, T. Schmidt, A. Schneider, Judith Schneider, Frank Schröder, L. Schumacher, Georg Schwefer, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, S. Seunarine, Ankur Sharma, S. Shefali, Nobuhiro Shimizu, M. Silva, Barbara Skrzypek, B. Smithers, R. Snihur, Jan Soedingrekso, Dennis Soldin, Christian Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, C. Spiering, Juliana Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, Todor Stanev, Robert Stein, J. Stettner, T. Stezelberger, T. Stürwald, Thomas Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, S. Ter–Antonyan, Jessie Thwaites, S. Tilav, Franziska Tischbein, Kirsten Tollefson, Christoph Tönnis, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, Alexander Trettin, M. Tselengidou, C. F. Tung, A. Turcati, Roxanne Turcotte, Colin Turley, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, B. Ty, Martin Unland Elorrieta, Nora Valtonen-Mattila, J. Vandenbroucke, N. van Eijndhoven, D. Vannerom, J. V. Santen, J. Veitch-Michaelis, Stef Verpoest, C. Walck, W. Wang, T. B. Watson, C. Weaver, Philip Weigel, A. Weindl, Matthew J. Weiss, Jan Weldert, C. Wendt, Johannes Werthebach, Mark Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, N. Willey, D. R. Williams, Martin Wolf, Gerrit Wrede, Johan Wilfried Wulff, Xiaolin Xu, Emre Burak Yildizci, S. Yoshida, S. Yu, Tianlu Yuan, Z. Zhang, Pavel Zhelnin
Bibliographic record
VenueJournal of Instrumentation · 2022
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsQueen's UniversityUniversity of AlbertaInstitute of Particle Physics
FundersOffice of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive ResearchJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceDeutsches Elektronen-SynchrotronNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaOffice of Polar ProgramsCollege of Engineering, Michigan State UniversityHelmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle PhysicsInstitute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba UniversityRWTH Aachen UniversityChiba UniversityKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseVillum FondenNational Research Foundation of KoreaFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekMarsden FundBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungNational Science FoundationBelgian Federal Science Policy OfficeDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftVetenskapsrådetUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonU.S. Department of EnergyEuropean CommissionWestern Canada Research GridFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRSPolarforskningssekretariatetNational Research FoundationMichigan State UniversityUniversity of OxfordCompute CanadaMarquette University
KeywordsAir showerPhysicsCherenkov radiationCosmic rayObservatoryNeutrinoSoftwareSoftware-defined radioZenithRemote sensingAstronomyComputer scienceTelecommunicationsOpticsDetectorNuclear physicsOperating system
Abstract
Abstract The Surface Enhancement of the IceTop air-shower array will include the addition of radio antennas and scintillator panels, co-located with the existing ice-Cherenkov tanks and covering an area of about 1 km 2 . Together, these will increase the sensitivity of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory to the electromagnetic and muonic components of cosmic-ray-induced air showers at the South Pole. The inclusion of the radio technique necessitates an expanded set of simulation and analysis tools to explore the radio-frequency emission from air showers in the 70 MHz to 350 MHz band. In this paper we describe the software modules that have been developed to work with time- and frequency-domain information within IceCube's existing software framework, IceTray, which is used by the entire IceCube collaboration. The software includes a method by which air-shower simulation, generated using CoREAS, can be reused via waveform interpolation, thus overcoming a significant computational hurdle in the field.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.472
Threshold uncertainty score0.196
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.015
GPT teacher head0.267
Teacher spread0.252 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations11
Published2022
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes