RZWQM2 Simulated Drip Fertigation Management to Improve Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Maize in a Solar Greenhouse
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The drip fertigation technique is a modern, efficient irrigation method to alleviate water scarcity and fertilizer surpluses in crop production, while the precise quantification of water and fertilizer inputs is difficult for drip fertigation systems. A field experiment of maize (Zea mays L.) in a solar greenhouse was conducted to meet different combinations of four irrigation rates (I125, I100, I75 and I50) and three nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates (N125, N100 and N75) under surface drip fertigation (SDF) systems. The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM2) was used to assess the response of soil volumetric water content (VWC), leaf area index (LAI), plant height and maize yield to different SDF managements. The model was calibrated by the I100N100 scenario and validated by the remaining five scenarios (i.e., I125N100, I75N100, I50N100, I100N125 and I100N75). The predictions of VWC, LAI and plant height were satisfactory, with relative root mean square errors (RRMSE) < 9.8%, the percent errors (PBIAS) within ±6%, indexes of agreement (IoA) > 0.85 and determination of coefficients (R2) > 0.71, and the relative errors (RE) of simulated yields were in the range of 1.5–7.2%. The simulation results showed that both irrigation and fertilization had multiple effects on water and N stresses. The calibrated model was subsequently used to explore the optimal SDF scenarios for maximizing yield, water use efficiency (WUE) or nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Among the SDF managements of 21 irrigation rates × 31 N fertilizer rates, the optimal SDF scenarios were I120N130 for max yield (10516 kg/ha), I50N70 for max WUE (47.3 kg/(ha·mm)) and I125N75 for max NUE (30.2 kg/kg), respectively. The results demonstrated that the RZWQM2 was a promising tool for evaluating the effects of SDF management and achieving optimal water and N inputs.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it