Measurement of the electric permittivity using Bleustein–Gulyaev wave sensor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We present a novel compact electric permittivity sensor that exploits Bleustein–Gulyaev waves propagating along the surface of shear-poled piezoelectrics. We formulate the dynamic nonlinear electromechanical partial differential equations of motion governing wave propagation under electromagnetically quasistatic conditions. The permittivity of the medium-under-test was found to influence the sensor eigenvalues, enabling the implementation of a frequency-shift permittivity sensor. Solution of the equations of motion demonstrates resonance of the first and third modes when excited using an interdigitated transducer. We fabricated two sensor prototypes on shear-poled PZT4 and LiNbO3 substrates and used a Vector Network Analyzer to observe the shift in their fundamental natural frequency in the presence of various media-under-test. S 11 measurements show deterministic and repeatable shifts in the resonant frequency of the first mode of the LiNbO3 sensor measured at <?CDATA $\Delta f_1 = 3.51$?> Δ f 1 = 3.51 MHz for ethanol and <?CDATA $\Delta f_1 = 7.49$?> Δ f 1 = 7.49 MHz for deionized water where the bare surface frequency was initially at <?CDATA $f_1 = 25.27$?> f 1 = 25.27 MHz.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".