Parasitism and Development of Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Immature Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is an endoparasitoid mainly of Lepidoptera. Its potential as a biological control agent has been investigated for several agricultural and forestry species in different countries. The objective of our study was to evaluate the biological characteristics of T. howardi in larvae, prepupae and pupae of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), under laboratory conditions. The first bioassay was performed with S. frugiperda larvae in the fifth and sixth instar and prepupal phases, which were exposed to the parasitism of 7 female T. howardi for 24 h. The second bioassay was conducted with S. frugiperda pupae, with parasitism allowed for 24 h, at six parasitoid of T. howardi densities, for one host pupa of S. frugiperda (1, 7, 14, 21, 28 or 35 parasitoids: 1 host). The parasitism of T. howardi in S. frugiperda larvae was confirmed by larval mortality and the emergence of parasitoid descendants. Female T. howardi parasitized and emerged from S. frugiperda larvae of fifth and sixth instars, prepupae, and pupae under laboratory conditions, which is the first record of such in the literature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".