Determination of Radionuclides in Biological Samples by Liquid and Solid Phase Extraction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Radionuclide separation and preconcentration methods were developed for two types of biological samples that play a role in assessing internal radiation contamination.For the determination of Pu-238 in urine, either as a single isotope or in a mixture, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique was used to extract them from the samples.Parameters including dispersers, extractants, back extractants and pH were optimized to achieve high recoveries of plutonium.Liquid scintillation counting was used for samples containing only plutonium, and alpha spectroscopy was used for samples containing a mixture of isotopes.For the determination of Am-241 in a humerus from a deceased worker exposed to americium 40 years prior, subsamples were taken by shaving successive layers off the bone (from the periosteum to the marrow) for dry/wet ashing before americium was isolated by extraction chromatography and determined using alpha spectrometry.The results showed americium retention and migration throughout the total bone volume.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".