Bibliographic record
Abstract
The earliest documented musical encounters between indigenous peoples of what is now known as Canada and early European explorers date from the early 1500s. Permanent settlements were not established until the early 17th century, first by the French and then ceded to the British in 1783 following the Treaty of Paris. Settlements known as Upper and Lower Canada remained under British rule until they were joined as the Province of Canada in 1841 and, with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in 1867, formed the federal Dominion of Canada. Other provinces and territories joined in the years following confederation, and Canada now includes ten provinces and three territories, each possessing unique indigenous and settlement histories that are often reflected in musical scholarship. Music in Canada has developed within a unique social and political environment and been influenced by many cultures including those of indigenous peoples, English, French, and numerous other immigrant communities. This diversity is reflected in distinct communities of cultural practice in Canada as well as in often-complex expressions of intercultural encounters. The majority of historical scholarship on music in Canada has focused on English and French traditions, documenting early settlement practices coincident with the evolution of the nation. In recent years, increasing interest by and in communities of indigenous and immigrant cultures has resulted in an explosion of critical scholarship in music of all genres and styles across disciplinary and methodological interests, all of which now contributes to a diverse and vibrant body of work reflecting Canada’s multicultural society. Music in Canada thus is not defined by any one group or culture but by the integration of many voices into the musical landscape. By considering music in Canada (rather than referring to a national music or Canadian music) scholars are empowered to address the breadth of activities of creators, performers, producers, and audiences who contribute to music in Canada. The purpose of this bibliography is to encourage such a broad reading of culture in Canada and to contextualize and develop critical understanding of its complexity. While not comprehensive, entries chosen attempt to provide an overview of the practices and issues around music in Canada, nationally and regionally, and across a broad spectrum of indigenous and immigrant cultures and repertoires that include art, folk and traditional, indigenous, and popular genres and styles. It is anticipated that many of the authors and works cited will direct readers to additional resources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.507 | 0.227 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".