Can fossil fuel energy be recovered and used without any CO2 emissions to the atmosphere?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The world’s energy system is still dominated by fossil fuels. While there is a rapid reduction in the cost of renewable energy and the environmental costs of continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel recovery and use are well understood, current economic, infrastructure and political constraints sustain the fossil fuel enterprise as a dominant component of the energy system. Though routes to decarbonizing fossil fuel use, such as carbon capture and storage, have been proposed and have been demonstrated at commercial scale, current CCS CO2 storage quantities are very small and no large-scale practical route to providing fossil fuel energy, without the CO2 emissions attendant with fuel production and use has been proposed. Here we look at some of the boundary conditions and possible routes to production of emissions free energy from fossil fuels, and specifically petroleum reservoirs. Focusing on the production of electrical power we look at possible applications of microbially mediated hydrocarbon oxidation, coupled to a range of energy harvesting strategies, to the provision of electrical power at surface at a range of scales suitable for grid power provision, powering upstream oilfield facilities or for powering in situ sensing and exploration systems. We also ask the question, even if practical, would direct production of electrical power from oil and gas fields be a politically and economically sensible strategy as part of the energy transition away from traditional fossil fuel use.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".