Multiple Gene Evidence for Parallel Evolution and Retention of Ancestral Morphological States in the Shanks (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Because systematic studies based on morphology have failed to fully resolve phylogenetic relationships of shanks (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae), we obtained mitochondrial DNA (6349 bp) and nuclear DNA (1315 bp) sequences from 15 taxa. Using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis we show that Catoptrophorus and Heteroscelus are embedded within Tringa, and thus these genera should be merged in Tringa. Phylogenetic analyses of 18 morphological characters resulted in a partly resolved tree, so we mapped them on the molecular phylogeny and reconstructed ancestral states by maximum likelihood. Twelve of the morphological characters are homoplastic or plesiomorphic, and only six are phylogenetically informative, placing Xenus and Actitis outside the remaining genera. The bright yellow and red leg coloration of yellowlegs and redshanks are, respectively, a retained ancestral state and a parallel acquisition. Using a semi-parametric penalized-likelihood approach to correct for rate variation among lineages we estimated that speciation occurred in the Early Miocene-Pliocene. Evidencia Génica Múltipla para la Evolución y la Retención Paralela de Estados Morfológicos Ancestrales en Charadriformes (Scolopacidae) Resumen. Debido a que los estudios de sistemática basados en la morfología no resuelven completamente las relaciones filogenéticas de los Charadriformes (Scolopacidae), obtuvimos secuencias de ADN mitocondrial (6349 bp) y nuclear (1315 bp) para 15 especies. Con base en análisis de máxima parsimonia y Bayesianos demostramos que Catoptrophorus y Heteroscelus están contenidos en Tringa, y así estos géneros deben unirse en Tringa. Análisis filogenéticos de 18 caracteres morfológicos mostraron un árbol parcialmente resuelto, por lo que decidimos rastrearlos en una filogenia molecular usando máxima verosimilitud para reconstruir los estados ancestrales. Doce de los caracteres morfológicos son homoplásticos o plesiomórficos, y sólo seis son filogenéticamente informativos, colocando a Xenus y Actitis fuera de los géneros restantes. La coloración brillante, amarilla y roja de la pierna del género Tringa es, respectivamente, un estado ancestral retenido y una adquisición paralela. Estimamos que la especiación ocurrió a principios del Mioceno y Plioceno usando una aproximación semi-paramétrica de verosimilitud penalizada para corregir la variación en la tasa de substitución del ADN entre los linajes evolutivos.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".