Source bearing and range estimation using an ice-mounted tri-axial geophone
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents results from Arctic field trials to estimate the bearing, range, and depth of an acoustic source in the water column using seismic particle motion measured at a tri-axial geophone on the sea ice surface. Measurements were carried out on smooth, rough, and ridged annual ice, and on a multi-year ice floe. Impulsive acoustic sources were deployed in the water at a variety of bearings and ranges from 0.2-50 km. Source bearings are estimated by applying polarization filters to suppress shear waves with transverse particle motion and computing the incident power as a function of radial look angle; the inherent 180-degree ambiguity is resolved by requiring prograde particle motion in the vertical-radial plane. Results indicate good bearing estimation (<10-degree average errors) at all ranges with little dependence on ice type. Source range and depth is estimated from the time difference between the water-borne arrival and ice seismic waaves. Results are limited due to strong attenuation of the seismic waves, with good range/depth estimation to <1 km for smooth annual and multi-year ice and <0.5 km for rough ice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".