EXPLORING STRATEGIES TO OPERATIONALIZE COGNITIVE RESERVE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using a coordinated analysis approach, we employed multilevel models to investigate the effect of education on the rate of decline measured with MMSE in preclinical stages of dementia in four longitudinal studies: Newcastle 85+ (3 waves), UK; Leiden 85+ (6 waves), Netherlands; 3 Cities (5 waves), France and OCTO-Twins (5 waves), Sweden.Higher education (>10 years) was associated with higher MMSE scores at the time of dementia diagnosis, compared to those with lower education in two of these studies (Newcastle 85+ & 3 Cities). Higher education had a moderating role on the rate of decline in the Newcastle 85+ (= 1.25, SE=0.26, p <0.01) but a reverse effect in the Leiden study (= -1.00, SE=0.43, p <0.05), where those with higher education had a stepper decline. This coordinated approach revealed no consistent protection for those with higher education, therefore this study did not fully support the cognitive reserve hypothesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".