Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Best known as a Freudian revisionist, public intellectual, and social critic, German‐born scholar Erich Fromm also made important and lasting contributions to sociology. Fromm was trained in sociology at Heidelberg University, receiving his PhD in 1922 under the direction of Alfred Weber, Max Weber's younger brother. Fromm then underwent psychoanalytic training and began a therapeutic practice in Berlin and later in Frankfurt. In the late 1920s and early 1930s he became a core member of the early Frankfurt School, an influential network of neo‐Marxist social philosophers and critical theorists formed under Max Horkheimer's direction. Owing to the sponsorship and financial support offered by the radical son of a wealthy German grain merchant, these critical theorists were able to remain independent from rigid traditional academic disciplines and the organized left. Later, in the wake of Nazism, they moved to the United States, when Robert Lynd and the sociology department at Columbia University were interested in Fromm's empirical social psychology. Fromm played a key role in sealing an arrangement whereby the Horkheimer circle moved to Morningside Heights.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".