Simulating the Effects of Deep Saline Aquifer Properties on COSequestration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract CO2 is one of the hazardous greenhouse gases causing significant changes in the environment. The sequestering CO2 in a suitable geological media can be feasible method to avoid the negative effects of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. A numerical model was developed regarding the CO2 sequestration in a deep saline aquifer. The compositional numerical model (GEM) of the CMG software was used to study the ability of the selected aquifer to accept and retain large quantities of CO2 injected in a supercritical state for long periods of time (200 years). Supercritical CO2 is a one-state fluid which exhibits both gas and liquid-like properties. In this study, supercritical CO2 was sequestered in three forms in a deep saline aquifer. It was assumed to be supplied an isothermal condition during the injection and sequestration processes and ignored porosity, permeability changes due to the mineralization. Also, CO2 adsorption was not considered in our numerical model. Gas bubble formation, dissolution of CO2 in brine and precipitation of CO2 with calcite mineral in aquifers have been discussed. The CO2 gas bubble displaces the formation water with an immiscible behavior. During and after the displacement, the gravitational effects cause the CO2 to raise and accumulate under the caprock. Vertical to horizontal permeability ratio, initial pressure conditions were the most dominating parameters affecting the CO2 saturation in three layers whereas CO2 injection rate influenced CO2 saturation in layers 2 and 3 since CO2 was injected from layer 3 at the bottom of the reservoir. Salinity of the formation water has no significant effect on CO2 saturation since it was the main factor affecting the dissolution process. Introduction CO2 sequestration is the capture of, separation and longterm storage of CO2 in underground reservoirs for environmental purposes. CO2 is one of the hazardous greenhouse gases causing significant changes in global temperature and sea-levels1, which could have negative consequences for people in many parts of the world. Scenarios for stabilizing atmospheric CO2 at reasonable levels will eventually require substantial cuts in overall emissions over the next few decades1,2. If usage of fossil fuels is to continue at currents levels while avoiding undesirable climate change, technical means need to be found to reduce the carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere in the production and consumption of fossil fuels3. CO2 sequestration can be regarded as one possible solution for reducing the CO2 emissions in a form where they will not reach the atmosphere. Disposal environments for CO2 sequestration can be divided into four different categories. Oceans, terrestrial basins, biological environment and geologic formations are the candidates for disposal of CO2. Among these alternatives, geologic formations can be regarded as the best possible environment to sequester CO2 because of the fact that storage of CO2 in geologic formations is the self-containing and volumetrically efficient process. In geologic formations, CO2 can be sequestered in porous or non porous media. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs, aquifers, coal beds can be categorized in the porous medium whereas salt caverns and lined-rock caverns can be regarded as types of nonporous medium.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".