Unanticipated Outcomes: Lessons from Canadian Automotive FDI Attraction in the 1980s
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the 1980s, the Canadian automotive manufacturing industry grew from three significant players to eight, growth that was facilitated by public policy schemes that were bold, calculating, and provocative. The decision to introduce direct incentives was pivotal, generating anxiety at both the federal and provincial levels. However, the evolution of a series of additional policy tools, each holding tangible value, proved just as important. These included waiving Auto Pact liabilities, the introduction of targeted duty remission plans, adjustments to Voluntary Export Restraints, and manipulations of the Foreign Investment Review Agency. These elements were under the management of Canada's federal government, making it a far more active participant in automotive foreign direct investment (FDI) attraction than its US equivalent. While some observers believe that the approach that public policy-makers brought to automotive FDI attraction during the period this article explores might hold lessons for present day practitioners, the reality is that the evolution of global governance structures precludes access to many of the tools that were deployed with such effect in the 1980s. Despite the subsequent changes, the relevance of coherent, well-timed industrial policy endures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".