Emanuel Swedenborg's Aesthetic Philosophy and Its Impact on Nineteenth-Century American Art
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: American art in the nineteenth century had a close affinity with God. By mid-century this led landscape artists in particular to espouse the views of John Ruskin, who encouraged artists to find the divine in the minute details of nature. They found their calling by rendering disciplined representations of nature. On the other hand, Swedenborg's theology and aesthetic philosophy called artists to a different vision. The artists who found it sought to show the spiritual—living reality—not so much through nature as through the force behind it. Nature clothes spirit, and they used light, shade, and colour to “unveil” spirit. Elements of Swedenborg's theology that shape an implicit aesthetic philosophy are outlined. The application of this philosophy in the works of four visionary artists is discussed: Hiram Powers, William Page, George Inness, and Ralph Albert Blakelock.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".