persistent organic pollutants and vitamins in northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) collected from St. Paul Island, Alaska as part of the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Liver and blubber samples from 50 juvenile male northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) were collected on St. Paul Island from four different seal rookeries between 1987 and 2007.Samples were analyzed for vitamins and for both legacy and current-use persistent organic pollutants (POPs).The resultant data set provides information on how concentrations of the two groups of POPs are changing with time in the northern fur seal population.Legacy POPs determined included polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and metabolites, chlorobenzenes, toxaphene, chlordane-related compounds, and mirex.With the exception of mirex, all legacy compounds showed statistically significant declines with sampling year consistent with trends observed in marine mammals from other northern areas such as the Canadian Arctic.Overall, concentrations of legacy POPs are similar to levels seen in seal samples from other areas of the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea and are considerably lower (factor of 10 or greater) than observed in marine mammals from temperate regions of the United States.The current-use brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), showed exponential increases with sampling year although PBDE concentrations may be reaching a plateau.Likewise, perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) also show exponential increases with sampling year indicating continued release and incorporation into the North Pacific food web.Concentrations of retinol and -and -tocopherol (vitamin E) in liver were not related to POP concentrations, year of sampling, or the rookery where the seal sample originated.POP concentrations do not appear to influence vitamin concentrations as observed in other wildlife studies.Further monitoring of northern fur seals is warranted because of increasing concentrations of current-use POPs and declining northern fur seal populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".