Household Expenditures And Direct Medical Costs Among Older Adults In Ghana: Evidence From WHO-SAGE Wave 2
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background: The Ghanaian population aged 60 years and older will almost double to reach 14% of the total population by 2050. Ascertaining the pattern of health expenditures among this growing population group is important to inform policy makers about the targets for financial risk protection as part of achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by 2030. This study aimed to estimate household expenditures among older adults and determine their direct medical costs. Methods : The World Health Organization's Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 2 was conducted in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russian Federation, and South Africa between 2014 and 2015, as a follow-up to Wave 0 in 2003 to 2004 and Wave 1 in 2007 to 2010. Survey questions explored sources of income and total directhousehold expenditures in the year preceding the interview. SAGE Ghana was implemented using face-to-face interviews in a nationally representative sample of persons aged 50+ years with a comparison sample of younger adults aged 18–49 years. Findings : Analyses included a total of 4,735 participants, with 1,948 (43.8%) males and 2,787 (56.2%) females, with a mean age of 57.6 (±16.7). The average annual household expenditure was US$ 2,458 (±7,374). Older adults had higher expenditure levels at US$ 2,501 (±8,307), as compared to younger adults, US$ 2,309 (±3,056). Direct health-related and food costs accounted for 10% and 35% respectively of the total household expenditure . The prevalence of catastrophic health expenditure in households of older adults in Ghana was 7.5% (95% CI 6.0% - 9.3%). Conclusion: These updated estimates on household expenditure among older adults provide needed evidence to support the inclusion of social protection mechanisms in the national ageing agenda. The National Health Insurance reduced the burden of direct health expenditure for households with older adults.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.034 | 0.048 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.017 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.036 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".