Bibliographic record
Abstract
On the question of migration – and it was not the only one – Friedrich Engels got there before Karl Marx. In The Condition of the Working Class in England he dealt widely with the Irish immigration in Britain (over one million by 1845). He presented it there as an essential reserve of labour power for the take-off of British industry and the permanent existence of a ‘surplus population’ of unemployed workers. Borrowing from Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) a frankly ethnicist characterization of Irish immigrants (‘but little above the savage’), Engels highlighted the downward moral and material spiral of competition into which they forced English workers. At the same time, however, as Eric Hobsbawm (1917–2012) noted, he described the political radicalization that developed in the Irish immigration, as well as the ardour and generosity that the Irish brought to the ‘cold, rational’ English workers through the mixing of temperaments and ‘races’. Engels thus also anticipated the key theoretical issue of the industrial reserve army, which Marx would later expound in Capital, and the key political issue of the relationship between Irish and English workers (or, more generally, between immigrant and indigenous workers), which would confront the International Working Men’s Association (IWMA).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".