Experimental Investigation and Numerical Modeling of Piezoelectric Bender Element Motion and Wave Propagation Analysis in Soils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The bender element (BE) test has been widely used for the characterization of soil specimens to determine the dynamic or low-strain shear modulus. However, the actual behavior of the BE inside the soil specimen still remains unknown. The current ASTM standard does not consider the interference of P waves in BE measurements, which can lead to significant errors in the evaluation of shear wave velocities. In this paper, the BE motion inside different media is numerically studied through a coupled piezoelectric and solid mechanics finite element (FE) model. The numerical results are calibrated and compared with the real motion of the BE monitored using a high-frequency laser vibrometer. The proposed model successfully captured the measured motion of the BE in the air as well as transparent soils.More importantly, the proposed model provided a method for understating the interactions of P waves and S waves in a soil specimen. Simulated signals for an Ottawa sand specimen showed a good agreement with independent results from resonant column tests. The proposed piezoelectric-solid mechanics FE model can be used to study the soil-bender element interaction so that sound recommendations can be given to improve the interpretation of BE tests for different soils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".