The Anisotropy of the Microwave Background to<i>l</i>= 3500: Mosaic Observations with the Cosmic Background Imager
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using the Cosmic Background Imager (CBI), a 13-element interferometer array operating in the 26-36 GHz frequency band, we have observed 40 deg 2 of sky in three pairs of fields, each ~145' × 165', using overlapping pointings (mosaicking). We present images and power spectra of the cosmic microwave background radiation in these mosaic fields. We remove ground radiation and other low-level contaminating signals by differencing matched observations of the fields in each pair. The primary foreground contamination is due to point sources (radio galaxies and quasars). We have subtracted the strongest sources from the data using higher resolution measurements, and we have projected out the response to other sources of known position in the power spectrum analysis. The images show features on scales ~6'-15', corresponding to masses ~(5-80) × 10 14 M ☉ at the surface of last scattering, which are likely to be the seeds of clusters of galaxies. The power spectrum estimates have a resolution Δ l ≈ 200 and are consistent with earlier results in the multipole range l ≲ 1000. The power spectrum is detected with high signal-to-noise ratio in the range 300 ≲ l ≲ 1700. For 1700 ≲ l ≲ 3000 the observations are consistent with the results from more sensitive CBI deep field observations. The results agree with the extrapolation of cosmological models fitted to observations at lower l and show the predicted drop at high l (the "damping tail").
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".