A column by Lee Lawyer with stories about geophysics and geophysicists
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On 23 December 1900, the first voice to be transmitted via radio was over the enormous distance of 50 ft. That voice was Reginald Fessenden (1866–1932). Six years later (100 years ago) the first public broadcasts were made by radio. This is the same Reginald Fessenden that John Karcher and Everette DeGolyer met to discuss Fessenden's patents prior to the formation of the Geophysical Research Corporation in 1927. This is the same Reginald Fessenden whose name is on SEG's award for making special technical contributions to exploration geophysics, such as an invention or conceptual advancement. He was Canadian born, became chief chemist for Thomas Edison, and developed interest in the new medium called radio. He was a professor of electrical engineering at Purdue and the University of Pittsburgh. His underwater sound patents were among his most successful. He invented the heterodyne radio. Later the double heterodyne radio became popular. He wrote:
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.075 | 0.032 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".