Index

Citation (2016), "Index", Governing for the Future: Designing Democratic Institutions for a Better Tomorrow (Public Policy and Governance, Vol. 25), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 533-540. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2053-769720160000025025 Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited Copyright © 2017 Emerald Group Publishing Limited INDEX Access, equitable, 142, 143, 154 Advice, non-partisan, 294–295 Agencies, public independent, xxx Alberta, 63, 64 Allocation of power concentrated; diffused, separated, 203, 217 Assets; wealth, comprehensive, 162 Assumptions, ethical, 134, 137–140 Asymmetry accounting, 88–89 cost benefit, 87 interest group, 88 voting, 87 Bias, cognitive, 68, 72–77, 78, 96, 98n4 Biodiversity, 57, 59 maintenance of, 145 “Black swans’’, 387 “Blocking’’ coalitions, minimizing of options, 450 Boundaries, planetary, 145 Capital, natural, 55, 56, 63; see also wealth Causes, 466–467 Central bank, independence of, 297, 299, 300, 301, 312, 313n1 Child poverty strategies [against]; plans [against]; effectiveness [against], 260–263 Choice – constraints, 310–312 Citizens, current, 21, 24, 25, 41 Climate change, xvii, xxxivn11, 14, 17, 25, 49, 59, 80, 88, 113, 115, 129, 149, 150, 153, 155, 158, 162, 357, 362 mitigation of, 303, 308, 310 negative framing of, 449 positive framing of, 449 Commitment devices, 76, 84, 206, 222, 223, 285, 287, 288, 303, 306, 311 bindingness, soft, weak; hard, strong, 242–243 designing of relevance, utility of; selection criteria; design features, 249–257 fiscal; multiple, 279–281 non-constitutional, xxx, 423 types, 241–248 Communication strategy benchmarks for measuring, 444 credible experts for authoritative evidence, 444–445 distributional impacts of problems, 444 information, current & reliable, 443 warning signals, 443 Complexity, 356 causal policy, 68, 81–82, 85 Conflicts, distributional; non-distributional, xxiii, xxvi Consensus, political, 92 Constitutional reforms motives; incentives; constraints, 203–204 Constitutions protection of future generations, 202, 206–216 provisions for future generations, 202 rights, general; specific, 204, 228, 345 various; interests; needs; goods of, 85, 286, 450, 468 Constraints, 31, 32 biophysical, xxvi, xxviii economic, xxviii political, xxviii, xxxi Coordination, international, 85, 86 Countervailing forces, 467–468 Culture, political, 357 Debt, prudent, 272 Debt, public, 55, 57, 58, 62 Decision makers, 203, 204, 212, 213, 216 Decision making, context, 100 Decision-making, democratic intertemporal, xxix, xxix, 42n20, 46, 54, 64, 72, 73, 77, 217, 354, 469, 472, 477, 495 Decision rights, 203, 204, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, 233 Decisions, 4, 6, 7, 10, 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29, 33, 37, 52, 57, 62, 72, 75, 77, 81, 85, 87, 89, 96, 121, 123, 136, 141, 190, 192, 193, 194, 211, 212, 215, 234, 243, 255, 287, 288, 289, 293, 296, 302, 305, 307, 314n4, 336, 434 Decisions, intertemporal/ intertemporal decisions, 46 Decisions, partisan, 294–295 Deliberative commissions, 438 Deliberative processes, models of Sweden, 437, 438 Democracies, advanced, xxiii, xxv, xxvi, xxviii, xxxi–xxxiii, 3–43, 46, 51, 52, 55, 58, 59, 63, 64, 65, 67, 94, 95, 99, 105, 106, 110, 119, 124, 125, 129, 169, 183, 194, 201, 202, 205, 213, 216, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 236, 238n14, 246, 251, 252, 253, 255, 257, 262, 264, 266, 268, 270, 275, 276, 279, 283, 285, 290, 292, 294, 295, 298, 303, 307, 311, 313, 314n4, 318, 319, 321, 330, 339, 344, 345, 347, 351, 357, 367, 369, 373, 375, 378n4, 402, 403, 418, 421n5, 421n9, 423, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 433, 434, 437, 439, 443, 448, 450, 453, 455, 463–490 Democracy, 289–291 Democratic government, xxvi, xxvii, xxix Development, sustainable, 134, 141, 162n2 Dilemmas ethical, xxi political, xxi Dilemmas, intertemporal, 8–10, 16 Discount rate(s), 52, 54, 57, 58, 59, 134, 138, 141, 153, 154, 155, 156 Duty of care for Earth guardianship, 138 stewardship, 138, 139 trusteeship, 138 Electoral rules, 204 Environment, preservationist model, 146–147 Evidence, rejection of, 357 Farsightedness, in business, 454–457 and short-term focus causes of, 455 proposed reforms of, 456 Farsightedness, political difficulties of promoting, 455 training for policy tools, 453 Foresight, 49, 50, 51, 55, 56, 59 Finnish model assessment of, 412–415 Committee for the Future, 407–411 reports, 403–407 implications for countries United States, 415–417 international comparisons Singapore, Sweden, Finland, 398 intervention logics capacity for intervention, 391 constraints on, 393 incentives for, 393 magnifying devices, 391 key challenges demonstrating value, 394–395 integration into policy, 395–396 leadership engagement, 396–398 methods/methodologies Delphi method, 385 horizon scanning, 384 scenario analysis, 385 timeframes, 389–390 trend analysis, 384–385 strategic aim of, 386 and futures studies, 383 and public policy, 382 assumptions of, 386–388 defined, 380, 382–383 history of, 383–386 nature of, 381–390 Future citizens’ surrogates, 231–233 Future-focused institutions, 165, 180 Future generations, xxii, xxiii, xxxi, xxxiii, 4, 12, 22, 25, 28, 32, 33, 38, 40, 41, 57, 60, 63, 64n3, 68, 77, 87, 89, 93, 96, 110, 122, 124, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 143, 144, 145, 149, 154, 155, 156, 161, 162n5, 165, 168, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 190, 191, 192, 194, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 226, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 242, 243, 268, 269, 293, 318, 320, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 338, 346, 347–348, 360, 372, 390, 428, 433, 448, 457, 463, 466, 467, 470, 471, 480, 482, 483, 486, 487, 488, 492, 494 Future-oriented institutions classification of; variations in/of, 322–324 Generations, future harm to, 160 Global financial crisis (GFC), 53, 58, 62 Golden Rule, 14 “goods’’, incommensurable, 122 Governance, xxi, xxiii, xxxii, 3, 13, 15–18, 20, 39, 42n9, 53, 146, 150, 185, 197, 217, 236, 295, 296, 318, 322, 324, 375, 464, 465, 478, 480, 485, 486, 495 anticipatory, xxvii, xxxi democratic intertemporal, 12 problems, 31 long-term governance environment, fostering of, 486–489 measures, 478–479 problem management, 471–473 proposals to mitigate bias, 483–485 protection of future interests, 485–486 scope for improvement, 471 strategy for embedding commitment devices, 480–481 future-oriented institutions, 481–483 metrics, 481 reports, 483 Government divided [ = division of powers – US], 91, 92 parliamentary, 92 Harm principle, 27 Imagination, moral, 50 Impacts, non-financial, 100, 123 Implications, 470–471 Improvements, planetary, 148 Inconsistency, dynamic, 75, 76, 84 Independent advising bodies, 287, 306 Independent institutions, ends and means, 304 Individuals, non-existing, 207 Inequality (of income, wealth), 94, 96 Information, 435, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 453 Infrastructure, 57, 58, 59, 62 Institutional design, problems of, 344–347 Institutions, advisory, 350, 351, 352, 372, 376, 377, 378n1 Institutions, global, xxxii, 194 Insulating devices decision rights; choice architecture; reasons for, 287 Interest groups, 432, 437, 438, 452, 454 Interests, financial, 121, 123, 124 Interests, future; constitutional mechanisms for, xxx, 201–238 Interests, transcending future, 66, 74, 77, 78, 89 societal, 93 Intergenerational Fairness Index, 53 Intergenerational justice, 133, 134, 136, 144, 153, 154 Intervention logic, 286, 288, 291–293 analytical capacity, 192–193 coordination, 195 decision rights, constraints, 193–194 decisions, insulating of, 194 deliberation, 191 evidence based, 351 motives, 187, 190–191 political incentives, 191–193 Interventions, regulatory, 108 Israel, 320, 326, 329, 330 Issue framing future selves, 447 investment language risks of, 448 personal identification with issues neighbours; Good Samaritan, 447 triple principle appeal, 446–447 Knesset Commission for Future Generations challenges of; political support factors, 324–331 Leadership, political, 79 Leadership, poor, 47, 48 Legislative institutions reform of, 203, 227–233 Limits of understanding; limits of knowledge, 355 Lobbyists, 88 Long-term, xvii, xxii, xxiv, xxv, xxvii, xxx Long-term targets signaling mechanisms; alignment; accountability, 258–260 Loss aversion, 73, 98n4 Metrics for judgement availability heuristic, 365 balance sheets, planetary, 362 capital, natural, 363–365 GDP, reliability of; & societal progress, 359 human capital, measurement problems, 94 implications of [i.e., metrics], 367 indexes of intergeneration fairness, 361 TEEB; SEEA; WAVES, 363–365 wealth, comprehensive, 362–363 Monetary policy, 287, 296, 297–301 Needs, essential, fundamental future, 142 Neighbour, love of, 139 Neo-liberalism, 289, 290, 314n5 Non-partisans, 289, 296, 305 Non-simultaneous exchange, 29, 40 Norway, 62, 63 NZ Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment roles, mandate, commitment devices, sustainable development; policy acceptance; recommendations, 338–343 Obesity pandemic, 106 OECD countries, 62, 63 Organizations private; public, 295–296 Organizations, corporatist, 93 Overload [of issues to be dealt with], 50, 51 Parliamentary sovereignty, 212 Partisans, 296, 305 Patterns, behavioural, 76 Pensions, 108, 109, 113 Policy advice, quality of, 351–354 Policy choices, timing of, 27 Policy commitments, xxv, 219 Policy frameworks, 368–372 living standards framework, 371 Policy instruments credibility of, 72, 79, 83, 84 Policy investments, xxiv, xxv, xxviii, xxxi, 12, 13, 16, 29, 31, 32, 39, 40, 61, 65, 66, 72, 77, 78, 83, 84, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 96, 102, 103, 107–110, 110–120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 180, 193, 194, 196, 202, 203, 215, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 228, 229, 230, 233, 235, 239, 241, 245, 249, 256, 259, 262, 280, 281, 286, 291, 292, 294, 295, 296, 305, 307, 314n5, 317, 318, 331, 338, 342, 344, 345, 349, 350, 353, 365, 379, 393, 412, 413, 423–459, 465, 467, 468, 472, 474, 477, 485, 486, 487 and taxes, 113 baselines, 114 prudent, conditions for, xvi, xxxi, 13, 16, 65, 128, 202, 217, 221, 239, 317, 344, 365, 428, 454 secondary, 107 strategies for, 450 Policy problems attributes of impacts of, 100, 101 intertemporal dimensions, 101 policy investments, 102, 103, 111 solutions of, 100, 101–103, 127 trade-offs, intertemporal, 99, 103, 110, 122, 127, 128 wicked, tame, 101, 102, 103–107, 127 distributional impacts, 113 flexibility, 120 focusing events, 104, 106, 111, 112, 129 information generation [ = generation of information], 102 specificity of, 112 support for, 111 warning signals, 102, 111, 112 winners & losers, 113, 119, 126 Political pressures, short-term insulation from, xxx Political system, reforms of, 3, 5, 16, 37 Politics, normative issues, xxix, 11 Politics of hope, 490 Precautionary principle stronger versions, 160 thresholds, transparent, 160 weaker versions, 146 Presentism, 6, 7 Presentist bias asymmetry of, 20 attentional, 46, 48, 49, 51 choice architecture, xxx complexity, 46 consequences of, 47, 48, 49, 56–60 counter arguments, 27 countervailing forces, 60–61 criticisms of, 6 decision context, xxx desirability, xxx discount rate(s), 20, 21 discount rate trade-offs, intertemporal, 8, 11, 16, 20, 48, 71, 78 effectiveness, xxx evidence of, 7, 23–32, 36, 40 factors, 67, 90 feasibility (technical, political), xxx future, discounting of, 69–72 human condition, 69–79, 85 index of, 53 interests, future/long-term, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 36, 37 linkages, 47 mitigation of, xxviii, xxx, xxxi moral criteria, 27 motives for, 19 nature of, 19–23 persistence, 19, 22 prevalence of, 52 pro-elder, 47, 48 remedies, xxix solutions to, 33 time preference(s), 70 variability of, 46, 52–56, 64 Presentist bias, solutions causes of, 165, 182 counter-measures criteria for, 183 desirability, 186 effectiveness attribution, 184 durability, 185 reforms for, 185 sustainability, 185 feasibility, 183–184 Principles, ethical, xxviii, xxix, 140, 141–152 Problems slow, 49 wicked, 49 Prudence, 32, 38 Public service, stewardship of, 257, 274–276 Rationality, bounded, 68, 72–77 Reports, fiscal, 264–265 Resources cultural, 144–146 natural, 144–146 Risk, 134, 141, 144, 145, 151, 154, 155, 156–161, 162, 214, 216, 227, 264, 265, 308, 335, 336, 341, 348, 357, 362, 387, 390, 396, 411, 414, 422n16, 441, 444, 448, 449, 482, 493 management of, 46, 55, 59 Risk/uncertainty, 10, 40 Rules, fiscal, 250, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274 Scandinavia, 95 Self/selves – ‘want’, ‘should’; future selves, 75 Stewardship, New Zealand, 276–278 Strategic planning, 33 Strength and variability, 468–469 Supermajority requirements, 230–231 Supply & demand, 67–69 Supply side measures, 349 Support, public persuasion, political conditions influencing, 440 Sustainability, legislation for, 268–269 Sustainable development, 320, 322, 323, 324, 327, 328, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 341 Sustainable Development Commission (SDC) goals; guiding principles; policy wins; commitment devices, 331–337 Term limits, 228, 230, 235 Timeframe, 134, 135, 149, 153 Trade-offs, intertemporal, xxi, xxiii–xxvi, xxviii, xxix, 46, 47, 48, 52, 61 Trade-offs/intertemporal transfers, 8, 11, 16, 20, 28, 37, 40 Trust, political, 83, 84, 85, 92, 97 benefits of; factors affecting; levels of; and inequality, 424–431 corruption, 426, 427 deliberative processes, 432–434 goals, shared, 424–428 inequality income, 427 interests, future, 434 negotiation, rules of, 435 polarization, political/electoral/ideological, 424, 427 policy investments, 424, 425, 440 principles, normative, 433, 435 rules of game, 434–436 Uncertainty, 101, 115, 124 general deep, 80, 98 n8 political, 68, 81, 82–83, 95, 97 United Kingdom, 320, 331 Value, human intrinsic, 137, 161 Values, ethical/moral, 136 Values, other-regarding, 96 Value systems/values differing, 103, 105, 122, 124, 127, 128 Vicious cycle, 466 Voting rights, 203, 224–227 Wealth – comprehensive; forms of, 57, 58 Well-being, 12, 38, 40–41, 70, 78, 95, 96, 136, 137, 140, 144, 149, 162, 190, 230, 281, 361, 363, 370, 463, 468 improvements in, 137 Wicked problems complex problem, 37, 43n23, 101 differences among, 101, 106 Book Chapters Prelims Part 1: The Challenge of Long-Term Democratic Governance Intertemporal Policy-Making in Advanced Democracies: The Risk of a Presentist Bias The Presentist Bias: Conceptualizing and Assessing the Problem Probing the Causes of the Presentist Bias The Policy Dimensions of the Presentist Bias Part 2: Principles and Proposals for Improving Long-Term Democratic Governance Foundations for Prudent Long-Term Governance Countering the Presentist Bias: Surveying the Options Part 3: Assessing the Options for Improving Long-Term Democratic Governance A Constitution for the Future Committing to a Better Future – The Nature, Design, and Limits of Commitment Devices Insulating Decision-Making from Short-Term Political Pressures Enhancing Voices for the Future – The Role of Independent Institutional Advocates and Guardians Advising for a Better Future – Evidence, Metrics, Frameworks, and Institutions Designing and Embedding a Strategic Foresight Capability Creating the Political Conditions for Policy Investments: Enhancing Trust, Shared Goals, and Patience Part 4: Taking Care of Tomorrow Today Towards a Better Tomorrow – Enhancing the Capacity of Advanced Democracies to Navigate, Shape, and Protect the Future Appendix: Research: Background and Methods Bibliography Index

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