Bibliographic record
Abstract
132 Michigan Historical Review John Gaertner. The Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic Railway: A History of the Lake Superior District’s Pioneer Iron Ore Hauler. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009. Pp. 349. Appendix. Bibliography. Illustrations. Index. Maps. Notes. Cloth, $49.95. Formed in 1887 from earlier short-line railroads, the Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic Railway (DSS&A) served Michigan’s Upper Peninsula and northern Wisconsin until it was merged into the Soo Line in 1961. At its most extensive, it ran from Duluth, Minnesota, through northern Wisconsin to Sault Ste. Marie and St. Ignace, Michigan. The latter towns were as close as it ever got to the Atlantic seaboard. The road was controlled through nearly all of its history by the Canadian Pacific Railroad, which treated it as something of a stepchild. As the book’s subtitle indicates, the DSS&A served the Upper Peninsula’s iron fields but it also carried the region’s timber products and passengers as well. Competing with other roads for the traffic of a thinly populated territory, it seldom made money. When the area’s iron and timber resources became depleted and highways increasingly cut into passenger and freight traffic, the road frequently trimmed its services and trackage. It never became part of an intercontinental trunk line as its promoters occasionally hoped. The Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic Railway is a business history written from management’s point of view. Labor and community relations are seldom mentioned. The text, moreover, is exceedingly dense. John Gaertner has done a more than commendable job of research into the road’s records and related sources. He has produced a reference book that no one should ever need to duplicate. But there is a serious forest vs. trees problem: seventy-four years of relentless operational detail are so rarely leavened by summary or evaluation that the book is a burden to read. Of great help, on the other hand, are the maps amply distributed throughout the book, something that cannot be said of every railroad history. There are many illustrations as well, primarily of rolling stock. And finally there is an appendix containing for the years 1886 to 1960 a complete locomotive roster; a fifteen-page list of all stations with the years in which they operated; and a year-by-year list of operating statistics—including miles covered, earnings, expenses, passengers carried, and freight tonnage moved. John Gaertner has done this part of his work very well indeed. Allen W. Trelease University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Emeritus ...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.225 | 0.114 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".