Study of Horizontally Curved Slab-on-Steel I-Girder Bridges with Integral Abutments Under Thermal Loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Integral abutment bridges have started to become part of the construction industry worldwide. However, they present challenges arising from the monolithic connection between bridge deck and the abutment. Thermal loading induced by daily cycles superimposed on seasonal cycles result in complex soil-structure interaction. Due to uncertainties in integral abutment bridge performance, there is no consensus among different codes on the bridge maximum length limit. A parametric study was carried out, using SAP2000 software, to examine the behavior of horizontal curved concrete slap-on-steel Igirders, under the effect of thermal loading conditions (±65°c). The self-weight of the bridge was considered. Spatial variables, including abutment height, radius of curvature, bridge span length, stiffness of backfill and types of foundation soil, were considered. The numerical analysis results were used to drive equation relating abutment height and bridge span with the maximum bridge length limit, which produces 40 mm horizontal displacement on pile head.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".