Overwintering Strategy of Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Cold-Free Space as a Factor of Invasive Success
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Successful overwintering of a coccinellid species is partially dependent on quality of hibernacula, for surviving cold temperatures, for drowning risk, and for avoiding parasitism or infection by pathogens. The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), an introduced species that has spread throughout North America since 1988, overwinters outside and inside houses or artificial structures. Five experiments were conducted during winter 2003–2004 to evaluate winter survival of the invasive H. axyridis compared with the indigenous Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake outside and inside human houses, to assess its contribution to the invasive success of the multicolored Asian lady beetle. We formulated the hypothesis that H. axyridis will survive during winter inside human houses and that no survival would be observed outside in Quebec, Canada. Survival of H. axyridis ranged from 25 to 53% in different experiments inside houses, whereas no survival was recorded outside. C. maculata did not survive inside houses, but 12.5% of the individuals survived outside. The indigenous species C. maculata had higher proportion of lipids than the invasive species H. axyridis, suggesting that H. axyridis is not physiologically adapted to overwinter in Canada. Selection of human houses as overwintering sites by the multicolored Asian lady beetle may constitute a “cold-free space,” which could explain its great invasive success in northern regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".