Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter describes the landscape changes and sediments that resulted from Pleistocene frost-action processes and other azonal processes. Pleistocene periglaciation involved the formation of either deep seasonal frost or permafrost and the presence of intense frost action. Evidence for Pleistocene frost action is widespread in the mid latitudes. Explicit evidence of Pleistocene mass-wasting comes from old and resistant boulders typically formed of quartzite, silcrete or ironstone that are pre-Quaternary in age yet have clearly moved from the initial site of their formation. Strong sustained winds characterized the mid-latitudes during the Pleistocene. On a smaller scale, the Late Pleistocene ice-marginal drainage of northwest Banks Island, Arctic Canada, formed more typical ice-marginal landforms. Many other areas of the mid-latitudes, especially in the lowlands of western and central Europe, are equally well studied as regards Pleistocene periglaciation. The most widely preserved proglacial landforms relate to the retreat of the late Pleistocene ice sheets in North America and Eurasia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".