Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anatomical or physiological variations that are inherited are due to inherited changes (mutations) in base sequences of DNA. Mutations that change genes can affect the conventional phenotype resulting in linear within-species evolution, often under the influence of natural selection (species survival). These changes associate with amino-acid-changing (non-synonymous) mutations in the first or second bases of triplet codons. DNA mutations can also result in changes in the genome phenotype . These changes associate with synonymous (non-amino-acid-changing) mutations, usually in the third bases of codons. Each gene in a genome has distinctive rates of acceptance of amino-acid-changing and synonymous mutations, which are positively correlated. A gene with few amino-acid-changing mutations also has few synonymous mutations. A gene with many amino-acid-changing mutations also has many synonymous mutations. Two genes may be closely located but differ greatly in their mutation acceptance rates. Thus, each gene is an independent mutational entity. Synonymous mutations, and correlated mutations in regions that do not encode amino acids, may be important for changing the ‘pattern’ of a genome, so sparking the onset of branching evolution (species arrival). By eliminating redundant information, oligonucleotide frequency patterns should provide rapid and more sensitive indices of species differences than direct sequence comparisons. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.072 | 0.039 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".