Characteristics of a double-swirl combustor for the thermal destruction of waste HFC refrigerants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons has been banned since the Montreal Protocol. Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) series refrigerants were developed as an alternative, but HFC-134a has been found to have a high global warming potential. Thus, an eco-friendly, economical, and stable technology for removing waste HFCs is required. Existing methods involving pyrolysis for destruction of waste HFC include incineration, catalytic oxidation, and plasma pyrolysis. In this study, an economical and eco-friendly combustor that consumes little auxiliary fuel and easily neutralising hydrofluoric acid gas was developed to destroy waste HFC-134a. The conceptual design of a double-swirl combustor was developed based on numerical simulations and used to manufacture a prototype, which was used in a combustion experiment. When the auxiliary fuel LPG was used at a flow rate of 1.0 kg/h with an air ratio of 1.1, the average temperature at the vertical section in the combustion chamber was 1,300 K, which is sufficient to destroy waste HFCs. In the waste refrigerant destruction test, the destruction ratio of waste HFCs was 100% when waste HFCs were injected at a flow rate of 2.8 kg/h or less and 99.37% at a flow rate of 2.9 kg/h.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".