Bibliographic record
Abstract
To understand the relationship of structure and chromogenic properties of zwitterionic chromophores, dicyanomethane-based (FDCN and MPCT) and tricyanoquinodimethanebased (PpQDM) chromophores were studied. These chromophores are selected based on the design to have different conjugation lengths and thus have the three primary colors: yellow (FDCN), magenta (MPCT) and cyan (PpQDM). All of the three chromophores exhibited intense absorption in the UV-Vis region with relatively high molar extinction coefficients (ε) attributed to strong charge transfer (CT) from the negatively charge dicyanomethanide to the positively charged nitrogen in pyridinium.In this regard, the chromogenic (i.e., color-changing) properties, including solvatochromism, halochromism, and thermo-halochromism of the three chromophores were studied in solution, polymer gel and solid polymer. Distinctive chromogenic features of these zwitterionic chromophores were governed by structural factors, including the strength of the donor and acceptor moieties in addition to the nature of the bridging unit. Thermohalochromic behavior of the chromophores was based on the protonation of the chromophore by acid and consequently deprotonation by heating. Moreover, the colorchanging process could be reversible and irreversible, depending on the nature of a medium. Using malononitrile and a polymer gel as a medium, thermo-halochromic process was irreversible, whereas in a suitable polymer host (i.e., PS, PMMA and PS-co-PMMA), these chromophores showed reversible thermo-halochromic behavior.Strong charge transfer (CT) of the zwitterionic chromophores in UV-Vis range in addition to their easily CT turned on-off properties eventually led to perform an evaluation based on their potential application as indirect thermo-indicators. FDCN (as the studied chromophore) demonstrated to be capable of reversibly switching on and off the fluorescence of the commercial fluorescent dyes under externalstimuli of heat and pH changes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".