Aging effects on neural entrainment to a musical beat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
When listening to music, the brain entrains to the musical rhythm and produces neural activity at the beat frequency. Younger (<35) and older (>60) adults listened to slow (1.25 Hz) and fast (2.5 Hz) syncopated and non-syncopated rhythms while intermittently performing a tapping task. EEG was recorded and frequency tagging was employed to analyze meter-related and meter-unrelated frequencies elicited by the rhythms. The meter-related frequencies included the beat frequency (BF), its first three harmonics (H1-H3) and the frequency of the whole pattern, or cycle rate (CR) while the meter-unrelated frequencies included the remaining harmonics of the CR up to the eleventh harmonic. Age effects were observed at the BF, where younger adults had larger amplitudes than older adults and at the CR. At the fast tempo, older adults did not differentiate between the CR, the BF and H3. Together, these results suggest older adults experience a breakdown of selective encoding at the fast tempo and reliance on high-level information, exhibiting aspects of both the inhibition and compensation theories of aging.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".