Bibliographic record
Abstract
Periodizations are political acts. They produce temporalities that do not necessarily coincide with chronology. TWAIL (Third World Approaches to International Law) scholars have generally endorsed the division of TWAIL into two generations. Whereas TWAIL I was composed by scholars that thought and wrote about international law during the decolonization process, TWAIL II began at the end of the 1990s. Although there are common features between the generations, a number of differences are also identified and emphasized by TWAIL II scholars. In this article, I advance the argument that such periodization is problematic for four reasons: anachronism, progressivism, a difficult self-identification of past third world legal scholars with TWAIL and the image made of TWAIL by non-TWAILers. Instead of periodizing TWAIL in two successive generations, I argue that identifying it as part of a larger tradition of third world international legal scholarship is more productive for the inner coherence of the intellectual movement and, consequently, for its success in the international legal academia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.016 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.028 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".