Bibliographic record
Abstract
The inorganic light-emitting diode (LED) has shown remarkable development since the early 1960s when the first practical red-emitting devices were introduced to the market. LEDs offer the combination of long operating life, high operating efficiency, and mercury-free construction. Inorganic LEDs are p-n junction devices as are solar cells. This chapter presents a historical plot of the efficiencies and colours achieved by LEDs over the past half century. It illustrates a simplest LED p-n junction. Non-radiative electron-hole pair (EHP) recombination can occur through a variety of mechanisms. Another important mechanism for non-radiative recombination involves Auger recombination. Auger processes become important especially at high rates of recombination. The issue of optical outcoupling plays a key role in LED performance. The first type of LED made in the 1960s used GaAs semiconductor material. The distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) is a reflecting generated light away from the LED substrate and preventing potential absorption in the substrate or back contact.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.162 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".