Glacier change and contribution to streamflow in the Canoe Basin, British Columbia, 1948-2005.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glaciers provide late-summer runoff to the Columbia River Basin, but few studies quantify glacier runoff and its relation to recent climate variations. This study used digital photogrammetry to map glacier area and volume change in the Canoe Basin, headwaters of the Columbia River, from 1948 to 2005. Historic streamflow and glacier contribution to streamflow were simulated using the HBV-EC hydrologic model. From 1948 to 2005, glacier area and volume decreased by -3.8 ± 0.44 km² (-6.8 ± 0.79%) and -0.23 ± 0.14 km³, respectively. The majority of glacier change occurred from 1985 to 2005. Increasing streamflow from 1947 to 2006 is likely related to increased summer precipitation and not enhanced glacier wastage. Glacier contribution to streamflow decreased from 1947 to 2006, with a higher rate of decrease from 1985 to 2006 than from 1947 to 1985. From 1947 to 2006, glaciers contributed 14-16% (32-38%) of total annual (August) streamflow.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".