Risk of Occupational Exposure to<i>Cryptosporidium, Giardia,</i>and<i>Campylobacter</i>Associated with the Feces of Giant Canada Geese
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima), which are nesting locally in Northwest Ohio and other parts of the state, are commonly perceived as a public nuisance when they inhabit urban areas. The feces of giant Canada geese litter both grass and pavement in many occupational and recreational sites in the Toledo area. The purpose of this study was to identify sites with fecal droppings of giant Canada geese that test positive for Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Campylobacter, qualitatively assess the occupational risks of infections, and recommend protective measures. The fecal droppings of giant Canada geese were tested for Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Campylobacter, using sensitive monoclonal enzyme immunoassay (EIA) methods. Fourteen out of 16 sites tested positive for at least one pathogen. None tested positive for all three. Cryptosporidium was the most common infectious organism found in the fecal droppings. It was detected in 14 out of 18 (77.8%) samples. Campylobacter was found in 7 out of 18 (38.9%) samples, and 3 out of 18 (16.7%) samples tested positive for Giardia. Since fecal droppings of giant Canada geese are dense in many sites, occupational exposure to Cryptosporidium is very plausible. In addition, fecal droppings from other carrier vertebrates are likely to be present in the same sites occupied by giant Canada geese, thereby increasing the likelihood of occupational exposure to one or more of these pathogens. It has also been suggested that houseflies and dung beetles may be mechanical carriers of Cryptosporidium. We recommend that work environments in close proximity to the nesting sites of giant Canada geese be maintained in a sanitary condition. Workers at risk for exposure should wear protective gloves while working, wash their hands after performing applicable activities and before touching their mouths, launder work clothes daily, and, ideally, shower at the end of the workday. We further recommend that potentially exposed workers who develop gastrointestinal infections have their stools tested for Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Campylobacter.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".