Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the preceding three chapters we stayed safely in the near zone and ignored all radiative aspects of the motion of bodies subjected to a mutual gravitational interaction. In this chapter we move to the wave zone and determine the gravitational waves produced by the moving bodies. To achieve this goal we must return to the post-Minkowskian approximation developed in Chapters 6 and 7, because the post-Newtonian techniques of Chapter 8 are necessarily restricted to the near zone. We begin in Sec. 11.1 by reviewing the notion of far-away wave zone , in which the gravitational-wave field can be extracted from the (larger set of) gravitational potentials h αβ ; we explain how to perform this extraction and obtain the gravitational-wave polarizations h + and h × . In Sec. 11.2 we derive the famous quadrupole formula , the leading term in an expansion of the gravitational-wave field in powers of ν c /c (with ν c denoting a characteristic velocity of the moving bodies); we flesh out this discussion by examining a number of applications of the formula. Section 11.3 is a very long excursion into a computation of the gravitational-wave field beyond the quadrupole formula, in which we add corrections of fractional order (ν c / c ), (ν c / c ) 2 , and (ν c / c ) 3 to the leading-order expression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.012 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".