Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Gymnosperms are a diverse group of plants with the common characteristic of having a ‘naked’, or unprotected, seed. (This contrasts with the other major seed‐bearing plant group, the angiosperms, whose seeds are enclosed in layers of tissue during development.) Historically common, today only approximately 1000 species exist worldwide. Four broad divisions (cycads, ginkgos, conifers and gnetophytes) are generally recognised. Gymnosperms are found in a wide variety of habitats, throughout most of the world. Many are trees: conifers are mostly evergreen trees with needle‐ or scale‐like leaves; cycads are palm‐like trees; ginkgos are deciduous, broad‐leaved trees and gnetophytes are mostly woody climbers (vines) or shrubs. The conifers are the most significant group of timber‐producing trees, and provide the majority of solid wood products worldwide. The economies of many countries depend on ‘softwood’ lumber derived from conifers. Key Concepts: Gymnosperms are plants with a ‘naked’, or unprotected, seed. Gymnosperms live in a variety of habitats worldwide. There are approximately 1000 species of gymnosperms alive today, in four broad divisions: cycads, ginkgos, conifers and gnetophytes. Many gymnosperms are trees, and some are economically important as a source of timber and pulp. Most gymnosperms are evergreen, woody perennials.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.043 | 0.020 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".