X-Ray Absorption Study of the Effect of Calcium Sulfonate on Antiwear Film Formation Generated From Neutral and Basic ZDDPs: Part 2 — Sulfur Species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Part 2, the XANES spectra, the identification of spectral features and the interpretation of the results for the sulfur species are presented. The experimental work required to obtain the spectra is described in Part 1 (preceding paper). The appearance of SIV and SVI in the tribofilms in interpreted as evidence for disproportionation of sulfonate during sliding. Iron sulfate at the tribofilm surface may be due to sulfonate oxidation. Basic ZDDPs form films with higher S concentrations than do neutral ZDDPs. Aryl ZDDPs form films containing more S than do the corresponding alkyl ZDDPs. Most of the sulfur in the tribofilms is in the form of sulfide. The increased intensities of the Ca++ peak is evident in the S spectra and consistent with the deposition of CaCO3 in the tribofilm. Calcite tribofilms have been shown to be antiwear. Perhaps this compensates for the loss in antiwear efficacy reported in Part 1.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".