Enzymatic Chromium (VI) Reduction by Cytoplasmic and Cell Membrane Fractions of Chromate-Reducing Bacterium Isolated From Sewage Treatment Plant
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium is a toxic heavy metal in environment. To remove it from the system, reduction to the trivalent form using microorganisms is an alternative cost-effective method compared to the conventional physicochemical methods. Bacillus cereus Pf-1was isolated and tested for the reduction potential of Cr (VI) using different sub-cellular fractions. Diphenylcarbazide method was used to measure the remaining Cr (VI) concentration in supernatant after centrifugation, and the pellet was used for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Almost complete reduction of Cr (VI) was reported for initial Cr (VI) concentration from 10-50 mg/L. Assay with permeabilized cells (treated with Toluene and Triton X-100) and cells free assay demonstrated that Cr (VI) reduction activity was mainly associated with the cytoplasmic fraction of the cells. Considering the major amount of Cr (VI) being reduced within 24 h, the chromate reductase could have been released during growth. Additionally, SEM analysis showed that Bacillus cereus treated with Cr (VI) grew well and had uniform size. EDX analysis revealed certain amounts of chromium in cells treated with Cr (VI). Based on this, Bacillus cereus Pf-1 could be considered as a potential reducing agent for Cr (VI) in aqueous solutions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".