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Bretton Woods Conference (1944)

2018· other· en· W4234342306 on OpenAlex
Erik Thomson

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueThe Encyclopedia of Diplomacy · 2018
Typeother
Languageen
FieldBusiness, Management and Accounting
TopicState Capitalism and Financial Governance
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Manitoba
Fundersnot available
KeywordsConvertibilityLiberian dollarDevaluationBalance of paymentsMonetary hegemonySpecial drawing rightsEconomicsInternational financeCurrencyReserve currencyDominance (genetics)Monetary systemInternational economicsMonetary policyFinanceMonetary economics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, better known as Bretton Woods for the New Hampshire hotel where it took place in July 1944, represented a crucial step in the Allies' plan to develop institutions intended to prevent economic instability after the Second World War. It established the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which became the core of the World Bank. The agreement reflected the economic dominance of the United States by making the US dollar's convertibility to gold the keystone of the international financial system. This system hoped to use pegged, but adjustable, exchange rates and restricted capital flows to minimize balance‐of‐payments deficits and prevent competitive currency devaluation. When the United States accrued persistent trade deficits, the system broke down, and in August 1971 Richard Nixon ended the system by unilaterally ending the conversion of US dollars to gold. Nonetheless, the Bretton Woods institutions continue to support international economic cooperation.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: Other
Teacher disagreement score0.043
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0050.003

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.013
GPT teacher head0.233
Teacher spread0.220 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it