Index

Citation (2016), "Index", Paratransit: Shaping the Flexible Transport Future (Transport and Sustainability, Vol. 8), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 425-445. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2044-994120160000008032 Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited Copyright © 2016 Emerald Group Publishing Limited INDEX ABC/M methodology, 129 Aberdeenshire, 115 demand generator, 115–117 FITS visualisation tool, 115 preliminary results, 118–120 shifting operating boundaries, 117–118 ACCESS 65+ , 65 Accessibility, 9, 66, 302–304 to citizens in rural areas, 292 full wheelchair, 91 indicator, 314 low-floor, 324 transport, 211 Accessible vehicles, 382, 386–388 ACCESS Paratransit in Pittsburgh region, 65 Access Services Incorporated (ASI), 186 Activity-based costing (ABC) systems, 129, 139–142 Activity-Based Cost Management (ABC/M), 129, 139, 141 cross, 141–142 cross application to paratransit, 142–144, 147–148 Activity drivers, 6, 129, 141 ADA paratransit services, 36, 47, 57, 67, 84, 349, 379 LAVTA wheels, 47–48 in metropolitan area, 47 paratransit industry, 36 paratransit ridership, 39 Additional income streams, 237 advertising, 238–239 bulk purchase discounts, 239–240 business diversification, 239 service diversification, 240 subsidies, 237–238 ‘ADEPT7’ software, 259 ‘Adopting distinctive brands’, 325 Advertising, 238–239 Affordable Care Act, 4 After-the-fact complaint investigation, 384 Aged and Community Services programmes, 265 Agency type, 191 AGETU (Agence de Gestion du Transport Urbain), 228 American Public Transportation Association (APTA), 36 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 36, 56, 134, 154, 173, 184, 191, 193–194, 199, 264, 378, 388 ADA-only services, higher cost of, 192 complementary Paratransit, 169 operators, 169 regulations, 387 TNCs, 387 Amortization, 131, 132 Application Programming Interface (API), 212 Apps market, 211 Area Agency on Aging (AAA), 143–144 Arlington County, xiii, 381, 383, 385, 386 Astra-project, 58 Atende Service, 65 “Aterik-Ate” service, 176, 190 Australia community transport (ACT), 264 development of, 264 formal transport planning processes, 265 funding, 272–278 geography impact, 269–272 jurisdictional issues, 278–280 organisational structure, 268 premier, 267 valuing community transport, 269 volunteers use, 280–284 welfare issue, 266 Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 270–271 Autodrive programme, 26 Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL), 233 Automobility (disruption in), 406 equitability, 407–408 sustainability, 406–407 Autonomous agent technology, 114 Autonomous tourist passenger shuttle vehicle trials, 26 Autonomous vehicles, 16–17, 25–26 cars, 409–410 PRT systems, 25 Avoidable costs, 6, 135, 157, 159–160, 163, 165 golden rule, 161–162 inputs to, 158 scenarios, 158, 160–161 traditional vs., 156 Barcelona, IMD service in, 189 “Basic Mobility”, 67–68 Belbus, 67–68 Belgium, 67, 68, 69 Bilboa, PMR service in, 190 Blood Transfusion Service and Age Concern, 256 Britain. See Great Britain (GB) Brokerage model, 37, 41–42, 273, 279 ACCESS Paratransit, 65 broker paratransit service, 39–41 demand response ridership, 36 merging transportation funding sources, 48–50 MTM’s approach to, 41–45 MTM’s paratransit brokerage experience, 47–48 nationwide paratransit brokerage success, 48 in NEMT, 36, 38–39 technology to supporting brokerage success, 45–46 Brokered paratransit systems, 49–50 Broker paratransit service, 39 balanced demand fluctuations, 40–41 cost savings, 39–40 improved service quality and accountability, 41 Bulk purchase discounts, 239–240 Bürgerbus, 5, 79, 91, 99, 100 association, 90 basic options for initiatives, 88–89 community transport and paratransit, 79–81 critical characteristics for development, 87 drivers, 90 economic advantage, 91 reasons for involvement in Bürgerbus activities, 89 regional umbrella associations, 85 service, 5, 85 spatial distribution across Germany, 92–96 Bürgerbus spatial distribution across Germany, 82, 83, 92 main service types, 93–94 state support for Bürgerbus initiatives, 92–93 town service in Wendlingen, 95–96 Business-to-Administration (B2A), 207 Business-to-Business (B2B) services, 207 Business-to-Consumer (B2C) services, 207 Business diversification, 239 Business model, 17–18, 25, 205, 358 of FMOD, 359, 363–365 “station-based”, 339 TNC, 383, 398 Business planning, 144 adding feedback loop, 149 agencies sponsoring rides, 144 boardings per revenue hour, 148–149 boost performance, 149 Bus operation conventional, 248, 308 cost structure of rural bus operation, 315–317 marketing and service quality in, 323–326 Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), 208, 223 best practice, 229 corridors, 226, 227 full specification, 223, 225 implementation, 228 standard specification, 225–226 Bus service, 309, 318, 341, 353 standards, 27 Buxi system, 58 Call-n-Ride, 65, 67 Call Connect services, 258, 259, 321 DR services in Lincolnshire, 321 Lincolnshire Call Connect case, 322 management, 260 Minibus, 322 Canadian Urban Transport Association (CUTA), 62 Capacity planning, 234 Cape Town BRT projects in, 226 on-vehicle advertising, 238 paratransit industry, 227 paratransit vehicles in, 221 Capital costs, 91, 160, 228 Car-pooling. See Peer-to-peer (P2P): liftsharing Car2Go, 9, 208, 212, 340, 344, 351, 400, 401 Carbon dioxide emissions. See CO2 emissions Carma Carpool, 396 Carma Technology Corporation, 396 Carsharing, 10, 345, 399 app, 339, 345 dynamic, 9, 228 free-floating, 400 industry, 339, 344 motivations, 401 operational models, 400 P2P, 402–405 round-trip, 401 schemes, 338, 339 station-based, 340, 344 way, 401 Zoom, 401 Cars on demand, 10, 393 commercial car share, 399–402 commercial lift share, 396–399 disruption in automobility, 406–408 ‘form of transit involving collaborative use of car’, 394 P2P carsharing, 402–405 P2P liftsharing, 394–396 regulation, 405–406 shifts in valuing of cars, 393 technology, 393 See also Demand responsive transport (DRT) Cash-based systems, 235 Casual ad hoc liftshare, 395–396 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), 38 Central Coast of California, 169, 174, 181, 184, 187 Centralized brokerage, 41 CETUD (Conseil Exécutif des Transports Urbains de Dakar), 228 Cleric, 107 Climate Change Act (2008), 18 Cloud services, 210 CO2 emissions, 4, 18–19 Coasthopper service, 325 Commercial car-based passenger services, 397 Commercial car share, 399, 407 carsharing operational models, 400 GoGet in Sydney, 401–402 round-trip carsharing, 401 Commercial lift share, 396 taxicabs, 396–397 TNCs, 397, 398 Uber in Australia, 398–399 Commonwealth Government, 268, 278 Community Passenger Networks (CPNs), 278–279 Community transport (CT), 58, 69, 79–81, 98, 255–256, 259 See also Australia community transport (ACT) Community Transport Association (CTA), 268, 273, 284 Community transport in Australia. See Australia community transport (ACT) Community Transport Organisation (CTO), 105, 115, 266, 267, 282 Community transport volunteers, 282 Complementary paratransit, 36, 378 ADA, 169 Computer Aided Dispatching (CAD), 233 Computer scheduling, 249–251 Concessionary travel, 112, 313, 314–315 free, 317 Concessions. See Route–based licences Congress of Democratic Taxi Associations (CODETA), 239 Consolidated Transportation Services Agencies (CTSAs), 169, 171, 186, 188, 192, 194, 195 CTSA-related programs, 182 Consortium for Advanced Management International (CAM-I), 139 CAM-I Cross, 140 Constraint relaxations, 6, 118, 120 Coordinated DRT, 55 Coordinated Human Services Public Transportation Plan, 194 Coordinated Plan, 168, 194 Coordinating Council on Access and Mobility (CCAM), 133 Copenhagen region, 64 Cost-allocation in paratransit, 129 Price–Waterhouse cost analysis, 129–133 three-variable model, 130–131 Cost-allocation model, 128 ABC/M cross to paratransit, application of, 142–144 ABC systems, 139–142 allocation of shared costs in paratransit, 134–138 business planning, 144–149 coordination, impact of, 133–134 cost-allocation in paratransit, 129–133 shared-service paratransit provider, 128–129 Cost-effectiveness, 193, 194 indicators, 317–319 paratransit, 182 Cost drivers, 6, 129, 133, 141 ‘Cross-sector’ benefits, 320 Cultural influences, 253 Danish Model, 53 Decentralized brokerage, 42 Dedicated FMOD resources, 364–365 Dedicated FMOD service, 365 Defining paratransit, 22–24 De Lijn, 67–68 Belbus, 67, 68, 71 Basic Mobility, 67–68 Deloitte, 60 studies for the Danish Ministry of Finance, 60 Demand Response (DR), 61 Demand Response Taxi, 61 Demand-responsive public transport services, 80, 308 concessionary travel, 314–315 cost structure of rural bus operation, 315–317 development of rural bus services in Britain, 312–314 indicators of cost-effectiveness and user benefits, 317–319 marketing and service quality in bus operation, 323–326 option values and relative valuation, 320–323 recent developments in Britain, 326–327 rural area, 309–312 Demand-responsive services (DR), 248, 252, 308, 309, 318, 319, 320, 326, 327, 328 option values and relative valuation, 320–322 Demand adaptive service (DAS), 349, 351, 352 Demand forecasting and route selection, 234 Demand responsive transit. See Demand responsive transport (DRT) Demand responsive transport (DRT), 3, 5, 21, 54, 55, 154, 204, 246, 290, 335, 358, 392, 407 accessibility and exclusion, 302–304 applications, 205–206 CallConnect services, 258 comparative table of case study schemes, 301 conceptual framework, 291–292 Coordinated DRT, 55, 64 different services, user groups and experiences, 298 DRT-type services, 353 implementation, factors inhibiting, 247 institutional resistance, 251–253 Integrated DRT, 55 Lincolnshire Callconnect network, 257–260, 319, 321–323 older people, 299 Open DRT, 55, 60 passenger characteristic in ‘Half Past’ model, 300 personalization, 254–255 public transport in rural Norway, 292–295 regulatory system, 247–249 Special Needs (SNT), 55 supply curve, 345–348 technology to improving DRT forms of paratransit, 348–350 telematics, 249–251 three public transport organisational models, 295–297 total transport approach, 255–257 See also Cars on demand; Flexible mobility services (FTS); Large-scale DRT Denmark, 60 Flextrafik, 60 Flextur, 60, 65 FlexDanmark, 60 national competence center, 60 North Jutland region, 60 Denver RTD, 61, 67 Department for Transport (DfT), 312, 318 Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), 19 Department of Motor Transport, 266 Department of Social Services, 272, 274, 280 Department of Veteran Affairs Transport Scheme, 272 Depreciation, 131, 135 expense, 132 vehicle, 323 Destination-specific services, 23–24 Deutscher Verband der Erogotherapeuten (DVE), 172 Dial-A-Bus (DAB), 55, 56, 58 Dial-A-Ride (DAR) services, 57, 169, 248, 250 Direct Payments (DPs), 254, 255 Disability mobility for people with, 381 paratransit services for people with, 378 rights, 387–388 Dispatching, 384 Donations, 84, 91, 280 Door-to-door services, 104 Driverless vehicle technologies, 25, 29 buses, 328 cars, 328 taxi, 29 Driver screening and specialized training, 385–386 Dynamic car-sharing schemes, 208 Dynamic liftsharing. See Casual ad hoc liftshare E-services, 207 Economic framework, 155 avoidable costs, 157, 159–161 costs and revenues, 165 FTS service, 158 inputs to FTS service and avoidable cost, 158 ‘lumpy’ costs, 155 peak services and peak costing, 163 role of risk, 163–165 shared costs, 159–160 traditional approach, 156 traditional vs. avoidable cost, 156 Eligibility criteria, 114, 117 Empresa Municipal de Transporte de Valencia (EMT-Valencia), 190 Entrepreneurial opportunities, 237 advertising, 238–239 bulk purchase discounts, 239–240 business diversification, 239 paratransit industry, 237 service diversification, 240 subsidies, 237–238 Escapable costs, 316 Essential Fleet Passenger Services, 259 EU (European Union), 248 European Commission, 205 Evaluation criteria, 309, 318, 319 ex-National Health Service (NHS), 257 Exclusion, 302–304 Fare service eligibility, 59 (“färdtjänst”), 59, 66 Fare structure, 112, 113 FASTRAN – Fairfax County Virginia’s FASTRAN service, 138, 143 Feasible product, 361, 362, 366 Federal Community Employment Program, 266 FITS visualisation tool, 107–108, 114–115 fare structure, 112, 113 General Information sub–system, 108–109 operating area, 109–111 passenger eligibility, 111 state–of–art mapping tools, 108 surcharge structure, 112–114 Fixed-route mini-bus service, 359 Fixed-route operation, 308 Fixed-route service, 309, 319, 327 option values and relative valuation, 320–323 Fixed costs, 130, 133, 135, 156, 157, 393, 407 FlexDanmark, 60, 71, 347–348, 351, 365 Flexible Integrated Transport Services (FITS), 5, 105, 106 See also FITS visualisation tool Flexible mobility on demand (FMOD), 359, 360 business model, 363–365 case study, 365–369 choice of travelers, 372 experimental results, 369–373 fleet, 360 innovative system, 359–360 menu, 359 modeling framework, 362–363 offers, 361–362, 371 profit and consumer surplus, 370 reservation procedure, 362 services, 361 Flexible mobility services. See Flexible transport services (FTS) Flexible transport services (FTS), 1, 2, 6, 17, 55, 104, 154, 204, 246 agency concept, 205–207 implementation, 208 See also Demand responsive transport (DRT); Golden rule Flexlinjen, 66 Automated Call-Back Function, 66 performance, 66 Flextrafik, 60 FlexTur, 60, 65 For-hire transportation services, 378 Free-floating car sharing, 339, 344–345, 354, 400 Frequent vehicle inspection, 386 ‘Full specification BRT’, 223, 225 Fully flexible DRT services, 250 Fully open DRT, 67 Funding, 272 ex-community transport passengers, 277–278 HACC programme, 276 passenger trip, 273, 274 principles and factors, 275 vehicle kilometers, 275 Future Internet PPP, 211 GAPTE (Greater Accra Passenger Transport Executive), 228 General Information sub–system, 108–109 General market, 53 Geography impact, 269 ABS, 270 factors, 271 repair and maintenance costs, 272 Germany Bürgerbus services, 80, 82, 83 car-sharing industry, 344 professional qualification requirements for public transport operators, 88 public transport services, 79, 82–83 spatial distribution of Bürgerbus, 92–96 GIRO/ACCES software, 107 Global positioning system (GPS), 339, 393 GoGet in Sydney, 401–402 Golden rule, 154 decision rule, 161–162 determining shared costs, 162–163 economic framework, 155–161 Gothenburg, 58, 61, 66 Flexlinjen, 66 PLANET-system, 58 Special Needs Travel, 66 Great Britain (GB), 309, 312 costs and benefits, 317 recent developments in, 326–327 rural bus services development in, 312–314 Greater Manchester Accessible Transport Ltd (GMATL), 250 Grenoble metropole, 188 Grocery shopping, 303 ‘Half Past’ model, 299, 300, 302 service in Tolga, 299 Handistar, 188 HandyBAT service, 60 HASTUS sector, 250 Health authorities, 252, 257 Health sector patient transport services, 256–257 ‘Heineken’ system, 20 High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes, 394 Hino city in Tokyo map of, 365–366 snapshots from simulation, 369 Home and Community Care (HACC) programme, 266, 276–278 funding, 267, 272, 274 transport services, 277 Home Care Packages, 272 Hourly boardings, 373 Houston Metro contracts, 382 Human Service Transportation Coordination, 133 Hybrid brokerage, 42 Hybridity, 223 BRT investments, 228–229 capacity of institutions, 228 comparison of three case study cities, 224–225 ‘fostering’ approach, 227 ‘full specification BRT’, 223, 225 national and municipal treasuries, 229 paratransit associations, 228 paratransit vehicle passenger boarding, 225 standard specification BRT, 225–226 Sub-Saharan African BRT planning activities, 226 Sub-Saharan African cities, 223, 229–230 Hybrid services, 230 In-vehicle technology, 41 travel time, 368 Information and communications technology (ICT), 205 elements, 206–207 role of ICT and new technologies, 209–212 support, 70 technologies, 6–7, 207 tools, 8 Information technology (IT), 24, 156 Institutional framework, 70, 71 Institutional resistance, 16, 247, 251–253, 256 Instituto Municipal de Personas con Discapacidad (IMD), 189 Insurance, 130, 385 Integrated DRT, 55 Integration, issues with, 230 electronic fare payment systems, 233 formal operations, 232 formal services, 232 historic distrust of government, 233 informal operations, 232 mixed traffic congestion, 231 route structures, 230 trunk and feeder system, 234–236 Intelligent transport systems (ITS), 211 Inter-urban routes, 309, 313 Interchange services, 22 International collaboration, 54, 70, 71 standards, 61, 71 Jurisdictional issues, 278 address transport disadvantage, 279 state/territory laws, 280 Key performance indicators (KPIs), 62, 129, 144 Kogarah Community Aid and Information Centre, 265 LAMATA (Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority), 228 Large-scale DRT, 53, 54, 56 agencies in World, 62 data collected for top-30 DRT organizations, 63–65 developments, 60–62 DRT in USA, 56–58 DRT solutions in Scandinavi, 58–60 future international collaboration, 70–72 global overview, 62–63, 69 international collaboration, 70–72 mobile data innovations, 54 preliminary domains for, 65–68 in Scandinavia, 58–60 small-and medium-scale DRT, 68–69 in USA, 56–58 Large-scale special needs transport, 65 Leased capital assets, 132 Lincolnshire, 247, 253, 258, 423 Callconnect network, 257–260, 319–323 County Council, 258, 322 InterConnect scheme, 22, 322, 329 Link Up service, 246–247 Livermore Amador Valley Transit Authority (LAVTA), 47, 48 Local authorities, 252, 255–256 Local-Link, 67 Local public transport services, 293, 294 London Dial-a-Ride (LDAR), 250 Long run, 157, 324, 328 Los Angeles County, 186 Low-demand settings, 105–106 Low-frequency fixed-route service, 321 ‘Lumpy’ costs, 155–156 Lyft, 9, 72, 208, 211, 338, 342, 347, 350, 353, 358, 378, 380, 386, 408 Lyon “Optibus”, 176 public transit program, 187–189 Malmator-system, 59 Marker, 295, 296–297, 298, 299, 302, 303 Market failure, 405 Marketing, 133 Marketing and service quality in bus operation, 323 driver-customer relationships, 325 net savings, 323 Norfolk Green operation, 325 Medical Transportation Management, Inc. (MTM), 36, 38 addressing provider noncompliance, 45 credentialing paratransit network, paratransit network, paratransit brokerage experience, 47–48 to paratransit brokerage model, 41 42 for Bus operating area, surcharge structure for, 120 demand, services, 335, See also Paratransit boardings, 373 service 359, 372 Ministry of Transport, 266 of 139 211 Mobility, management, 6–7, 264, for people with 381 See also with Mobility Mobility services, 53 software, 258 software, 259 Transit County, 115 demand generator, 115–117 FITS visualisation tool, 115 preliminary results, 118–120 shifting operating boundaries, 117–118 for in the 133 381 Municipal treasuries, 229 240 for Mobility Management, 276 Disability 277 Taxi 237 Transit 55, 57, paratransit brokerage success, 48 386 59 Management, 45 services, 22 Mobility Services 24, 25, 208 264, 282 64 FMOD resources, 364–365 FMOD service, 365 service 379 taxicabs, 387–388 transportation 4, 36 paratransit brokerage in, 38–39 Norfolk 309, 327, 328 82, 83, 91, Norway, See also Demand responsive transport (DRT) 253 of 387 135 361, 362–363 vehicle time, 373 car See Free-floating car models, 400 393, 406 Open 212 Open DRT, 55, 60 Open service technologies, 212 Open DRT, 66 costs, 24, 60, 91, 316 176, 188 values of 320 320 and relative of DR and fixed-route services, 320 322 County Taxi Program, 385 County Transit Authority 134, 381 County Transportation See County Transit Authority models, public transport, Marker, Tolga, 230 368 382 67, 385 in 65, 67, 385 189 Paratransit, 3, 5, 16, 79–81, 154, 186, 335, 358, ACCESS Paratransit, 65 income streams, brokerage See brokerage California, case study cities, of 378 cost-allocation See Cost-allocation 22–24 DRT supply curve, 345–348 paratransit service model, opportunities, 187–189 future developments, 25 from comparative industry, 237 initiatives, 408 institutional for, institutional and new technology developments, issues with 186 and of total methodology, institutional structure, 396 to paratransit in travel, car sharing, paratransit paratransit 169 paratransit service 191 paratransit vehicles, 221 PMR with (European 171, 172 Public Bus in public transit public transport results, regulatory for transport of rides, 128 of technology services, 3, Sub-Saharan African in, system, scheme, in, impact and TNCs, impact, transit services, 221 service, issues of regulation, 22 de , 399 on Transport, 237 brokerage, 42 Passenger 280 111 275 57, 67, 115, 273, 274, 326, 347, 379 Passenger Transport Act, 84, 98, Passenger Transport Group 253, 256 transport services 256 vehicles, 130, 131, Peer-to-peer 208 carsharing, 402–405 liftsharing, 398 transport schemes, 208 of 301 61 61 66 66, 70 254, 255 Rapid Transit 25, 26 254–255 Social Services 256 with Mobility 6, 168, 171, PMR 172 comparison of PMR Handistar, 188 paratransit service model, program, 191 provider, 188 service 172 65 PLANET-system, 58, 60 Service 210 of See Authority of County Price–Waterhouse 129, 130, 133, 138, 139, 141 service, 359, 360 Transportation Program, 386 vehicle 312 392, 393, service 212 vehicles, 99, 397 361 Public vehicles, Public paratransit systems, Public Transport 55, 117 authorities, BRT implementation, 223 public transport, 308 FTS operators, 163 246 Metro and 19 organisational models, 295–297 and transport in rural programme, 230 in rural Norway, 292–295 services, 290, 299 Sub-Saharan African cities, 229–230 system of, systems, 17, 387 in Tolga, 300, 302 in areas, 208 involvement in, for, 71 See also Community Transport Public Transport 237 Public 338, 378 Management, 129 des Transports Transport Authority 59, 60, 64 66 in 358 open of DRT, 69 public transport system, 17, 22, 133, 405–406 ADA regulations, 387–388 operation of public sector regulation, 228 294 in 277 transport, for transport of comparison of of and with formal PMR 172 PMR 172 PMR service 172 system, 247 DRT schemes, regulatory system, Transport Act, 248 regulatory system, 247, 313 services, of 320 and fixed-route services, 320 Town of 322 321 322 metropole, 188 and 56, 70, 207 189 See Service 235 See Peer-to-peer (P2P): liftsharing 58, 61, 67 Act 313 carsharing, 401 Route–based 88 scheduling, and software, 80, 104, 290, cost structure of rural bus operation, 315–317 bus services, 256 312 public transport in rural Norway, 292–295 rural bus services in Britain, 312–314 Transport Market See also Urban bus cost structure of operation, 315–317 development in Britain, 312–314 Council of rural bus funding, rural bus routes, 68, services, 309, 318 Bus Bus DRT, 65, 66 Norway, in, public transport in, 292–295 transport planning FITS visualisation tool, County, 67 382 Municipal 381 County, 186 County, County system, California, 382, 384 and 239 Scandinavia, 58 DRT 58–60 21, 22, 138, 384 transport, 293, 406 costs, 156, Service des Transports de 188 Service diversification, 240 Service 130, 138, 373 Service applications, 212 Service provider, 24, 212, Service 324, 55, 56, 65 373 service 359, 361, 372 costs, 157, 159–160, cost model, 162–163 in paratransit, allocation of, 135 transportation transportation of mobility agency services 205 Mobility Service Centre, 210 open data and open service technologies, 212 mobile development, 211 210 of cars, 393, 394 of rides, run, 157, 316 operation, 317 65+ services, 67, See Peer-to-peer (P2P): liftsharing and DRT, city 240

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