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Record W4234387088 · doi:10.1002/9781119181002.ch2

Fundamentals

2016· other· en· W4234387088 on OpenAlex
Marc A. Rosen, Seama Koohi‐Fayegh

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueGeothermal Energy · 2016
Typeother
Languageen
FieldEnergy
TopicGeothermal Energy Systems and Applications
Canadian institutionsOntario Tech University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsGeothermal gradientGeothermal energyExergyHeat transferThermal conductionFluid mechanicsThermodynamicsMechanicsGeologyPhysicsGeophysics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Fundamentals of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics that are related to geothermal energy systems are provided to familiarize readers with these topics and prepare them for subsequent chapters. A good knowledge of thermodynamics is important to understanding geothermal energy, especially heat pumps. Facets of thermodynamics most relevant to geothermal energy systems and their applications are introduced and particular attention is paid to the quantity exergy and the methodology derived from it, exergy analysis. Aspects of heat transfer relevant to geothermal energy systems are introduced to provide the reader with a good grounding in heat transfer, which is central to geothermal energy utilization and its application. The three main modes of heat transfer are considered: conduction; convection; and radiation. A good grounding of fluid mechanics helps in understanding geothermal energy systems, as fluid flow problems often arise, so elements of fluid mechanics relevant to geothermal energy systems are also introduced. Finally, basic concepts about the ground are presented, since such material is fundamental to understanding ground-based geothermal systems, including information on ground temperature range and gradients, ground properties, and the existence of ground-based ecosystems and their sensitivity to human activity in the ground.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: Other
Teacher disagreement score0.510
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0010.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.1160.009

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.010
GPT teacher head0.231
Teacher spread0.221 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it