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Pulp

2006· other· en· W4234444176 on OpenAlex
John F. Kadla, Qizhou Dai

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueKirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology · 2006
Typeother
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicLignin and Wood Chemistry
Canadian institutionsUniversity of British Columbia
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPulp (tooth)PaperboardPapermakingPulp and paper industryRaw materialLigninMaterials scienceUltimate tensile strengthKraft processKraft paperCelluloseComposite materialChemistryEngineering

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract Pulp, the raw material used in the production of paper, paperboard, fiberboard, and other similar manufactured products, is produced from wood and nonwood plant matter by separating cellular components using mechanical and/or chemical methods. Wood is the dominant source of fiber used in the manufacture of pulp in the western hemisphere. Nonwood fiber sources are used in those locations where wood is in short supply or for pulps requiring special characteristics. In addition to wood, recovered (recycled) fiber represents a growing segment of the overall fiber supply worldwide. Commercial pulp is classified according to the method of manufacture as mechanical, chemical, chemimechanical, and semichemical. Economic factors, product requirements, and desired fiber properties determine the method of pulping. Mechanical pulps, produced through the application of mechanical energy, give rise to materials having high yield, small average particle size, high opacity, and excellent printing characteristics. Mechanical pulps have some undesirable properties, such as low tensile strength and lack of permanence. Chemical pulps are produced by digesting wood using chemicals to remove lignin, extractives, and low molecular weight polysaccharides, frequently resulting in the loss of wood solids that are dissolved during the pulping and bleaching processes. Chemical pulps are used in the bleached or the unbleached state and are composed of longer, stronger fibers that are more stable than mechanical pulps, but have lower yields and less desirable print qualities. Chemimechanical and semichemical pulps are produced in hybrid processes based on the application of both chemicals and mechanical energy. Wood solids originating in the pulping process are recovered in the form of steam and electrical energy. Pulping chemicals are also recovered for reuse in the manufacturing process. Environmental management includes improvements in chemical recovery, process modification to minimize the use of elemental chlorine, and the treatment of process waste streams.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Research integrity
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: Other
Teacher disagreement score0.343
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0020.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.002
GPT teacher head0.185
Teacher spread0.183 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it