Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hormones, the brain and behavior Neuroendocrinology is the study of how the brain controls the endocrine systems that keep us alive and able to reproduce. However, an essential and critical characteristic of this neural control of the endocrine systems is that endocrine hormones in turn have profound effects on brain function through feedback systems. Research on hormones and the brain is intensive and covers many fields: from cell and molecular biology and genetics to anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, biochemistry, medicine, psychiatry and psychology. This book will examine the interactions between hormones, the brain and behavior. Thus, the primary focus will be on how the endocrine and nervous systems affect each other to produce an integrated functional neuroendocrine system that influences physiological and behavioral responses. As preliminary background reading, students are referred to any modern text on Human Physiology (see “Further reading” at the end of this chapter). When you hear the term “hormone,” for example steroid hormone , you think of the endocrine glands and how their secretions influence physiological responses in the body, but this is only part of the picture. Many of the endocrine glands (although not all of them) are influenced by the pituitary gland, the so-called “master gland,” and the pituitary is itself controlled by various hormones secreted from the hypothalamus, a part of the brain situated directly above the pituitary gland. The release of hypothalamic hormones is in turn regulated by neurotransmitters released from nerve cells (neurons) in the brain. Some neurotransmitters released within the brain also control behavior, and the secretion of neurotransmitters from specific nerve cells can be modulated by the level of specific endocrine hormones in the circulation. This is called hormone feedback. Thus, neurotransmitter release influences both hormones and behavior and, in turn, hormones regulate the release of neurotransmitters. This interaction between hormones, the brain and behavior involves a wide variety of chemical messengers which are described in this chapter.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.040 | 0.025 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".