Neuropeptides in cnidarians
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cnidarians are the lowest animal group having a nervous system. In the primitive nervous systems of cnidarians, peptides play important roles as neurotransmitters or neurohormones. So far, we have isolated and sequenced about 35 neuropeptides from different cnidarian classes (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa). All these neuropeptides have a C-terminal amide group, which protects against C-terminal degradation, but which also is important for receptor recognition. Also the N-termini of the cnidarian neuropeptides often contain different kinds of protecting groups (such as <Glu residues, L-3-phenyllactyl groups, and X-Pro or X-Pro-Pro sequences). Cnidarian neuropeptides are located in neuronal dense-core vesicles and are synthesized as preprohormones, which can contain up to 41 copies of a neuro peptide sequence. From Hydra, six different neuropeptide genes have been cloned so far. Each gene is expressed by a specific population of neurons, but in two instances coexpression of neuropeptide genes has been found. We have also cloned some of the cnidarian prohormone processing enzymes, among them the enzymes necessary for C-terminal amidation. These enzymes are closely related to their mammalian counterparts. All these data show that the primitive nervous systems of cnidarians have already acquired some of the sophisticated principles that we know from higher animals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.029 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".