Derivation and Validation of Metropolitan Sprawl Indices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A metropolitan area is a region that consists of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories that are economically and socially linked to it. Parenthetically, a total of seven metropolitan areas and divisions were ultimately dropped from our sample due to the lack of Local Employment Dynamics (LED) data, a key data source for measuring sprawl. Low residential density is on everyone&s;s list of sprawl indicators. Segregated land uses are also on most lists of sprawl development patterns. Conversely, mixed and integrated land uses sit atop lists of pedestrian-friendly, transit-oriented, and smart growth patterns. Commercial strip development is on most lists of sprawl development patterns. Centering is the compactness dimension with the most significant improvement compared to earlier indices. Street connectivity is related to block size since smaller blocks translate into shorter and more direct routes. The metropolitan area now includes Vancouver, WA, and its surroundings, in addition to the Portland PMSA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.042 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".