The Attacks on U. S. Shipping that Precipitated American Entry into World War I
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Entre 3 février 1917 et 4 avril 1917, dix navires marchands des États- Unis ont été coulés, neuf d'entre eux par sous-marin allemand. Ces pertes ont constitué le casus belli pour l'entrée des États-Unis en la Première Guerre Mondiale. La perte de trois vaisseaux en particulier a semblé convaincre Wilson et son cabinet que l'Allemagne avait déclaré la guerre contre les États-Unis; néanmoins, quand il a fait sa présentation au congrès, il a interprété les causes de la guerre en termes beaucoup plus larges. Les détails des pertes de navires et les questions du droit international à ce sujet même, autant que la réaction de Wilson, de son cabinet et du congrès aux événements, sont tous détaillés ici.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".